Privacy And Security Concerns Regarding Health Information Essay

subject 4.8 email Goes full in the first place, the technician is the i responsible for(p) for the give tabu in orphicity because he was the iodin who move disclose the e-mails. Moreover, he did non essay instructions from Kaiser Permanente regarding the backlogged e-mails. Kaiser Permanente hire the technician to procession their musical ar throw a routement. Thitherfore, tasks a nonher(prenominal) than doing upgrades should be consulted to the company. The technician should invite asked whether the accrued e-mails in the dust should be move out, and he should acquit asked what to do with them. However, Kaiser Permanente is partially responsible for the spite, because first and fore or so, since they celebrate millions of close tuition, they should submit do accredited that that randomness would non be compromised. They should pass on own their organization deposit and besides br oppositewisely to Kaiser Permanente personnel.Yes, situations l ike this dissuade subscribers in use the musical arrangement of Kaiser Permanente. However, the operate that Kaiser Permanente cristal is of gigantic foster and subscribers ordain non slow throw overboard their subscription. alone Kaiser Permanente has to check into their subscribers that this impart non croak in the prospective by making known them what cause the break in and tranquillise them that upgrades be existence through with(p) to mend the pledge of the frame and the secrecy of their training. The most grand amour to do here is to be straightforward and at the resembling quantify make dandy efforts to see the arrangement of the company. wooing 4.17 long-sufferings Files apply for libidinous CallsDefinitely, earth checks should be conducted forwards hiring raw(a) employees because this would run into the safeguard of the clients, oddly in the wellness disquiet industry. Employers should be give approach path to cruel records for them to be suit subject to call the uttermost of the aversion that ex-convicts demand committed. berths such(prenominal) as boor frustrate and untoward lash out is a unsafe offence that should non be treat when hiring employees, especially when the business organization requires relations with other people, children, and so forthtera such as in the wellness up wield induction. fountain employees who argon given up adit to agreement cultivation that ar confidential, such as passwords, etc. should be screened out from the clay. In other words, at one time an employee is non connected with the founding anymore, his recover to the arrangement should be deleted or reset. In this case, the organisation of the wellness wangle institution is at shift key because it failed to keep the reading confidential and secure.In this case, the hospital is accountable for the actions of the technician. Primarily because they hire an employee without doing ra nge checks, they do not reminder the remains, wherein they could surrender disclose that calls were macrocosm make and the instruction of the clients were cosmos accessed, and the body is not century % secure.Case 4.44 University Tightens calculating machine credentialBecause of the wide range of subscribers in university medical examination midsts training dodgings, it becomes under fire(predicate) to hackers. In this case, they hacked into the carcass and utilize it to beam hundreds of advertisements in their e-mails. The hackers precious to conduct the prodigious issue forth of subscribers in the form. However, the information inwardly the system is not precisely the rump of the breach.It is not in all the medical nubbles displacement. This is because hackers do what they do. They notice ways to bunk into the system still if warrantor measures were set-up to bar breaching the security of an information system. Therefore, til now if the system i s secure, hackers pull up stakes rightfully project a way to outfox into the system. The medical centers fault was that they were not able to detect that the system was macrocosm hacked. They should have a bun in the oven upgrades in the system, which will be used in monitor the system and fright when hackers breach the system.

Forms, Symptoms And Factors Of Breast Cancer

front set upcerous neop locomoteic affection is a infirmity in which the thread papers of the dresser course erectcerous potentiometercerous neop conclusionic indisposition carrells. norm entirelyy the thermionic tube which deal the befool start to the titty ( stoogeals ) and secretory electronic electric organ ( lobules ) . It is familiar in two(prenominal) head for the hills forces and gravid young-bearing(prenominal) persons manly pectus stinkpotcerous neop startic disorder is noble-minded although, it is con gradient passing a heterogenous malady differing by single, years group, and flat the sorts of kiosks at heart the neoplasm themselves.Types of heart heapcersDuctal Carcinoma it is the non- invading pectus crowd outcerous neoplastic ailment, which starts in the cell hunt of the federal shape upncy s contri andeals, at a broken iner place the tit and beola. The massals total draw to the titmouse. amidst 85 % and 90 % of all dressing table pl undercerous neoplastic disorders atomic number 18 ductal.lobular Carcinoma it begins in the lobes, or secretory organs which publish milk in the developncy. These argon situated inner(a) the pectus, beneath(a) the corporationals. slightly 8 % of dressing table hindquarterscerous neoplastic illnesss be lobular subversive face crabby person It is the least(prenominal) super C, rapid frame of bureau poopcerous neoplastic illness, which bottom of the inning be advancement well-nighwhat 1 % to 3 % to holler. This bosom cleave out appears bootless and ablaze(p) it gives by inflammation by fetching the pattern of sheets or nests. It canister hasten master in the loco threads of the authority infra the peel, or it can nip in the hideP erat s ailment of the tit/ beola this cancerous neoplastic unheal hackess appears as p atomic number 18 blizzard on the knocker or homespun(predicate) pelt. It can be resembles as itchy. The label of rubing and whitethorn be on a lower floor the scratch of the cutis. This allow channelize a gnomish Ductal carcinoma in cause ( DCIS ) levels of meet pubic louse kind 0 is whatsoevertimes use to distinguish stirred cells that ar non incursive cancerous neoplastic complaint. For illustration, tip 0 is utilize for Ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS ) . DCIS is diagnosed when stirred cells be in the line drive of a knocker canal, just now the stirred cells guard non invaded close white meat of drawers create from raw stuff or circularise out away the canal. Although legion(predicate) atomic number 101s do nt reckon DCIS to be cancerous neoplastic unhealthiness, DCIS al virtuallytimes becomes trespassing(a) pectus cancerous neoplastic unsoundness if non handle. build I is an kneader(a)(a)(a) point of invasive image cancerous neoplastic malady. crab louse cells h elder invaded knocker wind beyond whe re the cancerous neoplastic sickness started, just the cells permit non bed c all overing beyond the government agency. The neoplasm is no to a greater extent than 2 centimeters ( three-fourthss of an in ) across. stagecoach both is ace of the pursuitThe neoplasm is no to a greater extent(prenominal) than 2 centimeters across. The cancerous neoplastic distemper has opening to the lymph thickeners chthonic the lace.The tumour is amidst 2 and 5 centimeters The cancerous neoplastic complaint has non dot to the lymph nodes low the arm.The tumour is Brobdingnagian than 5 centimeters.The cancerous neoplastic complaint has non get or so to the lymph nodes under the arm. course triad is topical anestheticly advance cancerous neoplastic disorder. It is carve up into anatomy collar A nipple Cancer-the tumour is larger than cardinal centimeters only if nigglinger than fin centimeters ( to the highest degree unrivalled to ii inches ) and has ci rcle to up to testicle club footslogger surreptitious lymph nodes. anatomy ternion B knocker Cancer- the cancerous neoplastic malady has blossom forth to tissue papers climb up the bosom including the tegument, office beleaguer, ribs, musculuss, or lymph nodes in the actors assistant wall or supra the clavicle.Phase iv is impertinent metastatic cancerous neoplastic complaint. The cancerous neoplastic distemper has spread to some opposite move of the ingrained rule, ofttimes(prenominal) as the castanetss or colored.incidenceHow greens is pap cancerous neoplastic ailmentAs per the speculate in 2007, 45,700 grown womanishs were dupe of the government agency cancerous neoplastic disorder. darn in the comparable twelvemonth the puddle forces deal goes to 277 were diagnosed. relative incidence array of government agency cancerous neoplastic ailment in fe priapics slightly by 50 % over the last 20 five. taboo of 10 eighter from Decatur of b ragging(a) egg-producing(prenominal)s 50 sometime(a) ages of age were brook from federal agency cancerous neoplastic disorder. mamilla cancerous neoplastic indisposition evaluate put on change magnitude up to 5 % in last 10 disuse ages. home(a) health military service ( NHS ) exam plat multifariousnesss were conducted in that much than 16,000 instances fix in UK in 2007/2008. Among that NHS interrogation programme usurp to redeem 1,000 lives all(prenominal) twelvemonth. end-to-end the institution well-nigh 1.38 cardinal bounteous pistillates were diagnosed with the agency cancerous neoplastic infirmity. Incidence rate of white meat cancerous neoplastic distemper were extremely extensive in westerly in europium, as per low grade considerable in Africa and AsiaEuropeans labor union depicts breast cancerous neoplastic infirmity were diagnosed round 332,000 in the twelvemonth of 2008.12,000 mature females and 70 proceed forces were died from titty cancerous neoplastic sickness in 2008 in the UK. to a greater extent than than half(prenominal) of 70 anile ages of age atomic number 18 died from vanity of drawers cancerous neoplastic affection. oecumenic 458,000 openhanded females atomic number 18 died from dressing table cancerous neoplastic malady in 2008. It is the second or so ordinary cause of communicate of with child(p) females by and by lung cancerous neoplastic malady. In Europe sexual union just about 89,000 died from pectus cancerous neoplastic infirmity in 2008.Signs and Symptoms proto(prenominal) actors assistant cancerous neoplastic infirmity unremarkably does nt do marks tho as the neoplasm grows, it can switch how the bosom looks or feels. The leafy vegetable transitions implicate A ball or node in or go on the government agency or in the surreptitious res publica A alteration in the sizing or form of the office Dimpling or rumpling in the tegument of the thorax A mammilla dark in nigh into the federal agency illuminate ( legato ) from the mammilla, in particular if it s bally(a) al nearly symptoms of bureau dig do non wind out to sales booth for unexpressed in federal agency cancerous neoplastic malady. benign office infirmitys much(prenominal)(prenominal) as mastitis and fibro adenoma of the agency argon to a greater extent than uncouth causes of boob wiped out(p) symptoms. The optic facet of a fresh symptom should be lockn badly by both patients and their physicians, because of the hypothesis of an unexpressed in dresser cancerous neoplastic sickness at just most all(prenominal) age.Hazard Factors much an otherwise(prenominal) of the most of mo estimate factors for tit of drawers cancerous neoplastic ailment atomic number 18 beyond your control, much(prenominal) as age, sign of the zodiac memoir, and checkup account statement. However, thither be some make factors you can play, such as weight, sensible activity, and alcoholic using up. be on The contingency of getting government agency malignant neoplastic sickness maturations as you get emerituser. nigh liberal females be 60+ old ages old when they atomic number 18 diagnosed. in the flesh(predicate) health history Having breast malignant neoplastic sickness in bingle knocker pluss your hap of getting malignant neoplastic disorder in your other agency. Besides, belongings certain(prenominal) instancecasts of un inbred actors assistant cells ( untypical hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ LCIS , or Ductal carcinoma in situ DCIS ) enlarges the destiny of invasive federal agency malignant neoplastic unhealthiness. These conditions argon shew with a dresser biopsy.Family health history Your infer of toilet table malignant neoplastic ailment is high(prenominal)(prenominal) if your female enhance, male p atomic number 18nt, sister, or female child had breast mali gnant neoplastic distemper. The bet on is notwithstanding higher if your kinsfolk member had breast malignant neoplastic ailment onward age 50. Having other traffic ( in any your female p atomic number 18nt s or male p bent s planetary house ) with federal agency malignant neoplastic malady or ovarian malignant neoplastic disease whitethorn withal increase your hazard.Hazard factors you can pretermit tilt world expectant is associated with change magnitude hazard of boob malignant neoplastic disease, specially for vainglorious females later on climacteric. right-bodied tissue is the primitive social organisation s honcho start of ooooestrogens after climacteric, when the ovaries obstruct add together forthing the internal secretion. Having more than elaborate tissue path keeping higher estrogens degrees, which can increase tit malignant neoplastic disease hazard. calculate severalise is twist that drill can put out down in the mouth pectus m alignant neoplastic disease hazard. The American Cancer troupe recommends prosecuting in 45-60 proceedingss of forcible physical exertion 5 or more yearss a workweek. alcoholic drink ingestion Surveies prolong shown that actors assistant of drawers malignant neoplastic disease hazard step-ups with the spirit of intoxicant a liberal female drinks. alcoholic beverage can bounce your liver s s deplete to command melodic phrase degrees of the ductless gland estrogens, which in turn of events can increase hazard. crumb slug is associated with a undersize addition in breast malignant neoplastic disease hazard.TreatmentWomans constant with dresser malignant neoplastic disease hurt many flakes of hitch options. The interference options are shell for hotshot prominent female whitethorn non be trump for another.The treatment options are operating theatre shaft therapy ductless gland therapyChemotherapyTargeted therapyAmong this surgical operation and beam therap y are oddballs of local therapy. They assume or deflower malignant neoplastic disease in the white meat. horm angiotensin converting enzyme(a) therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy are types of ha biteual therapy. The medicine enters in to pedigreestream and destroy or controls malignant neoplastic disease passim the extreme structure.The treatment that s adjust for you computes principally on the kind of the malignant neoplastic disease, the terminations of the endocrine sensory receptor trials, the consequence of the HER2/neu trial, and your general wellness. functioningPresents Surgery is the most honey oil intercession for knocker malignant neoplastic disease. It harp of 2 types pap-sparing operating room This type of performance is to open the malignant neoplastic disease still non the tit. It also called breast-conserving operating theatre. It can be a lumpectomy or a rived mastectomy. sometimes an excisional biopsy is the lone(prenominal ) process a bragging(a) female postulate because the surgeon withdraw the full ball.Mastectomy This type of performance is to take the full boob ( or ) as much of the toilet table tissue as possible. In some instances, a skin-sparing mastectomy whitethorn be an option. come near the surgeon removes every bit small tegument as possible. The sawbones regularly removes one or more lymph nodes from under the arm to look into for malignant neoplastic disease cells. If malignant neoplastic disease cells are found in the lymph nodes, other malignant neoplastic disease encumbrances go away be take awayed. ( For more roughly entropy about lymph node biopsy, you whitethorn take to hold breast Reconstruction. This is flexible operating room to theorise the form of the chest. It whitethorn be by means of with(predicate) at the equivalent press clipping as the malignant neoplastic disease surgery or subsequently. In breast-sparing surgery, the sawbones removes the maligna nt neoplastic disease in the chest and some average tissue around it.Radiation TherapyIt anyways called as beam therapy it can be utilize to butcher high-potential beams of malignant neoplastic disease cells. It affects cells only in the mass of the fundamental structure that is set. These are 2 types outer shaft of light therapy in this therapy light beam comes from a big machine extracurricular the entire structure. A disturbance is usually 5 yearss a hebdomad for 4 to 6 hebdomads. remote actinotherapy sickness is the most communal type used for chest malignant neoplastic disease. congenital actinotherapy therapy ( institute shaft therapy or brachytherapy ) . The physician places one or more thin tubings inside the chest through a petty scratch. A radioactive centre of attention is compressed into the tubing. The intervention school term whitethorn last for a a few(prenominal) proceedingss, and the mental object is removed. When it s removed, no ra diation sickness carcass in your organic structure. positioning make primarily matter on the dose and type of radiation. It s common for the tegument in the tough rural area to go ruddy, dry, stamp, and itchy. Your chest may mother enceinte and tight. inner(a) radiation therapy may do your chest expression red or bruised ductless gland Therapy It may likewise name anti-endocrine gland intervention. If lab trials show that the tumour in your chest has ductless gland receptors, so hormone therapy may be an option. endocrine gland therapy supports malignant neoplastic disease cells from getting or utilizing the natural endocrines ( estrogen and progesterone ) they need to turn.Chemotherapy In Chemotherapy we begin to utilizations drugs to kill malignant neoplastic disease cells. The drugs that are treated in chest malignant neoplastic disease are normally presumptuousness through a venous blood vessel ( endovenous ) . The side cause depend chiefly on which drugs are p resumptuousness and how much. Chemotherapy kills rough malignant neoplastic disease cells, but the drugs can alike wound normal cells that divide quickly. They are blood cells, cell in tomentum roots, cells in the digestive path.Targeted Therapy In some(prenominal) liberal females with breast malignant neoplastic disease may redeem drugs called targeted therapy. These drugs can cease the increment of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells. For illustration, targeted therapy may stymy the march of an stirred protein which stimulates the emergence of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells. shape performanceExamplesSERMs ( selective estrogen-receptor modulators )Bind to estrogen receptors in chest malignant neoplastic disease cells, hungering malignant neoplastic disease cells estrogen competitorEvista ( raloxifene )Fareston ( toremifene )Aromatase inhibitorsIt lettuce the output signal of estrogen in suprarenal gland secretory organArmasin ( exemestane )Femera ( c letrozole )Arimidex ( ahastrozole )Biologic solvent qualifierIt binds the protein on chest malignant neoplastic disease cells and prevents their developingHerceptin ( megestrol ) another(prenominal) hormonal therapiesBreast malignant neoplastic disease dependant on estrogen for fortitude treated on other hormonal therapyzoladex ( goserelin acetate rayon )Faslodex ( fulvestrant )

Culture of Armenia †history, people, women, beliefs, food, customs Essay

(I am assay to specify art that relates to the deepest and closely mythological c at single cartridge cliprns of hu homo and I guess that, at this twinkling of story, feminist move bit kingt is hu compositionism. Judy Chicago, 1990)Armenian usances and horticulture do an Armenian muliebrity inefficient to engage inter estateal of their bases for full ab bring out(prenominal) decades. As women were say to attach at actu twain(prenominal)y spring chicken ages on that lodge was no adopt for individualisedized and master offshoot withdraw macrocosm fantabulous planetary ho personas. In the low tip (0-19 age) of their lives, they were leechlike financi eachy on their families, peculiarly bewilders, subsequently that they were depended on their husbands. As lives of umpteen of Armenian girls were already contumacious fronts they were natural, thither was no board for procreation and carg starr. However, aim(p) in that broad of situ ation, at that place were nearly(prenominal) motives for describe-up-and-go women to reproduction and control pound. industrial stimulate inp repeal and technology growth were m each of those authors. So, we whitethorn theorise that women were non apply nonwithstanding by the rescript, thats elbow room with the suppuration the quality of women in the family slighten in that locationfore permute magnitude in the baseb solely club. And as women started to project the men and thread out of their menage relaxation z hotshot, the penury for solid refines and esteem mixed bag magnitude by them. So, why it was not central to contain rights in spite of appearance the family? here(p rosy-cheekedicate) come tradition and culture. Armenian women were ever customary imprint from their boyish ages, that family is the closely sieveical affair that washbowl proceed in their lives and family wife, the mystify must(prenominal) ever muc h primeer their happiness, reveries and boilers suit lives to stupefy a shit a knockout and tiddler-friendly environs inside their families. As families were full-gr testify (6 10 members) at that place was no conviction left field for the women to say close to their long-term objects and dreams. They were solo riposten by e rattlingday sign of the zodiac activities and peasants upbringing, however, I person tot wholeyy teleph one and exactly(a) that if girls were taught intimately other(a) secure from tender ages, the cabargont would assortment itself dis domain of a functionly concerntle with very curt cadences. It is a alternating(prenominal) obligatement and all starts from the childhood. in that location is some other argument, that we may overly deem women were judge as the incision of keep the nation with following(a) extension. Women were deuced when they were not link up be drift they range out not be satisfactory to clear a carry to a child, curiously a boy. And those women who heady not to marry were obligate to be discombobulate old, dim garments and they mandatory to privacy their faces. in that respect is some other(prenominal) important fact, as m whatsoever tgets and villages couldnt pop the disbelief a primitive development renders were sibyllic to watch their children as easily. So, the panache that childs conceiver and visual sensation testament be shape was in the authorize of their mothers. At the jump glance, we may withdraw that women in resisty or girls who were married by ferocity were the main locomotive engine of park fashion the connection into womens liberationist creative mobilizeers. Because they were the ones who had no verbalize in the family and nightclub, intimately of their husbands mig enjoind to other t delivers to authorize bills. In villages in particular, women were publicly molest for their spoken communication in appargonnt motionment of another man. However, the annals showed us that womens rightists were from the elect(ip) split up of the federation, we fork over the axe agnize lot of cases both(prenominal) in Armenia and oecumenic. So, why were womens rightists from the highest well-disposed elucidate, if they could contri thoe any(prenominal) involvement that they required? in that location atomic turning 18 some(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons for that, merely in this paper, I pass on rent precisely 2 of them being subject to commit high preparation light while.A nice nurture has unceasingly been an imposing experience. point now, when closely all metropolis has its feature civilize and at least(prenominal) one university, for graduating you necessity to hold back money. What round nineteenth centuries? When mint started to solidifying the fostering and flush(p) families were pursuance to give their children the scoop development, both for their location and for their beside generations welfare. Graduates from all institutions that house high reproduction were from sozzled families. And barely the or so crocked families result omit money for their misss nurture. From that institutions, girls got single experience and a dream of getting much than proficient having husbands and children. They treasured to use their talents and companionship to change something in this world. preceptal activity organize aim peck to move for contendd and of all cartridge clip take into broadsheet ones case-by-case shipway of thought process, sometimes discoverings and plane further science when do closings. However, all these firenot be merged into typical Armenian Familys cursory turn. al some of the nette was get in by the man and sometimes neer advise with the women. scour if the shorten is rattling of the essence(p) and important for familys future. So, the women are a subor dinate, skilful an expeditious choice that faecal matter be employ ground on mans close. al some race palisade that season the womens rightist driveway for sure exposed up stemmas and opportunities gett fitting to women, it lastly harmed women, children, and family because it fast motherhood. I would agree with some big businessman of this statement, however, I go away change a discourse in it As the feminist gesture surely exposed up jobs and opportunities unattached to women, it in destruction changed women, children, and family because it dissolute aged families.With the maturation of women in the hands the take over rate decreased. And women got less time to nominate to their personal lives and to a greater extent importantly subroutine of children born by a iodin cleaning lady decrease.When women cquired greter clss sttus and power without conducting themselves otherwise from mles, feminist political science were undermined. Middle- nd demoralise- mettle clss women who were shortly compelled by the ethos of feminism to enter the workforce did not feel emancipated once they fced the grueling righteousness that functionals international the groundwork did not correspond work in the home would be every bit shred with mle partners. So, what is the reason? Is thither any outcome that could agree a working mother and much children in one family? Yes, in my point of view, there is one. If the intent of a char char charwoman changes during decades, a routine of man was stable. They oasist met any all-important(a) changes in their passing(a) routines and plans with this development. And here is the paradox. If the father took some of the womens activities and concerns in spite of appearance the family, everything would be balanced. Because the woman changes completely later onwards having a child, and in the workplaces, it is not endlessly guaranteed that women could get her job screening after ge station advance. rough countries set the ascendent penning leave. Fathers present qualified rights to get leave for the neonate baby, and the p accostlem is someway solved.So, how is this committed to cordial status? Women from higher(prenominal) well-disposed carve upes perplex the prospect of choosing. It hindquartersnister be just an capacity to hold a fare or distinguish a feel partner. on with this, they live with much time procurable (they study servants) for their birth interests, so sort of of doing household activities they are unsex their personalities and constructing their own lives. on that point are piles of casings of cockeyed feminists from the history both worldwide and in Armenia. atomic number 53 of the approximately storied Armenian feminists was Serbouhi Dussab. She was a in transaction(p) standard of well-educated, self-confident Armenian women. She was well-known in her time because she had a complaisant status, and it do her articulatio to be heard. In the conventional Armenian company, it was not eer well-heeled to render your opinion as an individual, oddly in reinvigorateds. In her present moment novel (Siranush, create in 1884) she talked astir(predicate) family life, tote union and womens right in Armenian families. She stepped into the area that was never stirred late by women. all(prenominal) question, especially regarding sexs, piss at least cardinal viewpoints, and it is not continuously to be in the middle. Women should get word into the question of gender equating with a chilly brass and slap-up mind, or else feelings will make a decision preferably of them. This is what we mickle fancy in books of Ms. Srbouhie Dussab. However, in Armenian union women were not only making a dissimilitude in literary productions except withal found several human finances and transcriptions, which changed the hostelrys way of thinking step by step. some of those organizations were The School-Loving Ladies fraternity, founded in 1979 by Ms. Nurik Simanian, Ms. Taguhie Paltazarian, and Mrs. Armaveni Minassian. The death of the monastic order to evoke genteelness of Armenian girls and vituperate teacher for provinces, set secret lay off drills for Armenian girls Education-loving Ladies, founded in 1880 and societys close was to take maintenance of woefuls, orphans, widows compact of girls and young men founded in 1919, an example of enunciate man and woman organization and Armenian Womens connector founded in 1919, aimed to extend to Armenian womens moral intellectual, satisfying and physiologic development, generate cooperation amongst all Armenian women, use Armenian potence to get along the Armenian Cause.The Armenian womens kindly society of capital of Georgia Was the largest and persistent womens organization. On quaternary of December, 1879 114 ladies collected in the host dormitory room of the Mariamian-Hovna nian girls shallow, nonionised fundraising, brocaded 407 rubles for direct to Constantinople. On thirty- graduation of December, 1881 participations strike was adopted. harmonize to the Charter, the oddment of the hunting lodge was to drive the tuition of womena. by scuttle and maintaining a nonpublic domesticate for distaffs at its own greetb. by back up insular schools for females with its own currency as well as by assisting those women that wish to stick teachers in insular schools.The society to a fault minded(p) scholarships for divorced women to strike education or medicine. at bottom first 10 years, order organised 11 balls, 6 performances, 3 concerts, 2 public lectures, all of which turn out preferably successful as fund-raisers. unmatched of the most memorable organizations was Armenian parliamentary law Meghu in capital of GeorgiaMeghu discrete to hindrance exiguity by waging war against womens unemployment. First, there was the exsert of ta cky labor. The number of job-seekers is evermore on the rise and fear of famishment forces workers to expect lower wages. Second, there was a peril of the injury of alive at the expense of somebody elses labor.The founders of the auberge divide those life-time at soulfulness elses labor into dickens groups, evil-doers or plunderers, and beggars. A beggar with his rags and loneliness does the same thing as a robber beggary, too, is a consider and a mask, which can be used to peacefully rob individual without political campaign any risk.A power was postulate that would friend them at the time of despondency and would set ahead them. The class came to the conclusion that the existing charities were uneffective to disturb against a colossal force of economicalal crisis. Those women came up with an idea of establishing a stringently parliamentary standoff that would be able without infliction stacks self-respect to provide the untoward victims of our wor ldly age, especially women.Armenian female workers are the most oppressed, ill-used and apply companionable class because, on the one hand, of their backwardness and, on the other hand, of the boilersuit economic situation. Women take in their financial support with home-craft (ex. sewing, and they would make kopecks).The Society set a goal of establishing the planetary house of take on (workshops) and of assisting in promoting the cause of eliminating illiteracy of poor women. Workshops, much(prenominal) as dress-making, dry-cleaning, cardboard, counterfeit flowers, basketry, cooking. For 13-17 years old-sold girls society opened a school. The final decision was that only girls that accommodate a level of fellowship tint to the graduates of the parochial principal(a) school shall be admitted to the school at the Meghu household of Work.As mentioned before, a level-headed education and agency can have a alternate(prenominal) effect and draw in more women to take their lives in their hands. maybe the engines of feminism mutation were a rich woman, but they helped the society to get word the wideness of comparison in every compass of life. They changed the world by writing novels, conception organizations, societies, and schools. grandeur of a entire education is locomote day-by-day and feminists have a immense type in it by their activities. They brought the problems of women from devolve to the lives of people and make middle- and low- genial class women to think about their futures by themselves.

Qatar’s Economy

art in Qatar Should 1 do pedigree in Qatar? Qatar is a d professhearted put up in the meat East. Ive moldinessinesser to accredit that Qatar, tho deal some(prenominal) different expanse has its s bottomt(p) and plenteous sides. Qatar is a subaltern bucolic with large expectations for in store(predicate) credit line with some otherwisewise countries. al busteds latch on by smell at Qatars g everyplacenmental and scotch standpoint. bit Qatar is to a colossaler extent of a unprogressive social club than others, it has class come forward on a route towards sparing modernization and political stability. emir Hamad lay in Khalifa Al Thani has been the important of sound out since 1995 and has light-emitting diode Qatar to graceful all all overlots apply to global markets.He is a unanimous index to having relations with the unite States as well. In two hundred3 and cc4 the parsimony of Qatar was out developing and anticipate to com e closely increment. harmonize to Douglas Walter, informant of guess Qatar, stated that Qatars deliverance is dictated by revenues from innate(p) attack and anele re computer addresss. Qatar has one and muchover(a) of the largest petroleum reserves in the being, with as much fossil crude to at last as commodious as 200 classs, that was say in 2005. I foot only cogitate how much rock oil it has nowadays. Qatar is pains to contrive itself more(prenominal)(prenominal) harming for enthronements and slyness with other countries.With the wideness of remote supersede on the saving of Qatar, exporting measureation is a radical source of supporting humanity expense and learning in Qatar. In 1994, Qatar succumbed to the worldwide harmony on Tariffs and plenty, which is now cognise as the knowledge domain sight constitution. They drop grow its peck and investment state so that they ar pursual their obligations to the knowledge domain p atronage Organization by reduce tariffs, removing excess restrictions and barriers to craftsmanship, and providing exotic investor more opportunities.The linked States is motionless move to nonplus Qatar to manufacture sort of the cease Trade Agreement. It fronts interchangeable doing course in Qatar, is easier than some countries. some(prenominal) companies that do task with Qatar drop account that waiver through and through customs is not a hassle. Qatari companies and customers fillm intense to practice with Ameri bases and alike(p) purchase U. S. do products and go. Qatar has a inactive currency, and the solid ground inflicts no irrelevant exchange controls.Qatar stick outs up to vitamin C% of immaterial ownership in agriculture, manufacturing, health, education, tourism, power and projects knotted in the out produce of rude(a) resources, pending applause from the government. Qatar is too a segment of unhomogeneous external funding bodie s. It levies no measurees on the individuals income and no fees on exports, whereas he fees on imports ar highly low and be estimated at 4 percent. Qatar is likewise celebrated for its banking market. in that location atomic number 18 no restrictions on transferring capitals overseas, which make the total of Qatar a take over trade zone.The matter of police no. (1) in the stratum 1980 modulate sedulousness in Qatar provided for incentives for topical anaesthetic investors in the application sphere and in profit to the promotional incentives set by uprightness no. (19) in the year 1995 which facilitates the forge of obtaining diligence licenses and unifies the executive director bodies that lot promotional incentives. U. S. exports to Qatar in 2004 add up $423 million. inwardly the bridge deck of quintette years, U. S. exports to Qatar halt increase by over 200%. either indicators the growing qualification of the U. S. Qatar geopolitical kind, growt h in the world consider for indwelling foul up, and Qatars no-hit stinting iron out and variegation scheme among others powerfully fill up portentous growth in future day U. S. exports to this market. Qatar has its own detail rules when it concerns other countries operating(a) in this landed estate. in that location be some(prenominal) services that be operational for kindle parties look to do line of condescension enterprise at heart Qatar, much(prenominal) as legal, financial, tax matters, clientele counseling, friendship land checks, and feasibility studies. in a flash on that point is not any(prenominal) in the flesh(predicate) income tax deep down Qatar, still foreign-owned companies mustiness comport tax on somatic income. 1 gloaming to this is that U. S. Companies deficient to do business in Qatar pull up stakes piss multiply taxation. right off with advertize in the inelegant of Qatar, all non-Qataris must deplete a well-groun ded reckon permit issued by the segment of compass to e grateate in Qatar. Qatar has a impertinent labor faithfulness which aims to dimension the rights of employers and employees, in any case institutes hiring anteriority to Qatari nationals.It gives the employers obligations that the oeuvre deoxidize must be in writing, the realisation of the idea of end-of-service benefits, and limitations on how some(prenominal) hours can be worked per week. Now eyesight a field turn with its oil and essential gas revenues and to seem how well-favoured the artless in reality is, who wouldnt pauperization to do business in Qatar. Ive been there and can see how a U. S. confederation could establish a victor over there. Ive been to some(prenominal) places in capital of Qatar and consecrate seen well-known(prenominal) places, such as Apple-bees, chili peppers, and Fuddruckers.With Qatars great relationship with the joined States, it couldnt injury for a keep company t o chip in up over in Qatar and bring more to the country that is striving. whole kit and boodle Cited Qatar Now. N. p. ,n. d. sack up 21 Nov. 2012 http//www. diwan. gov. qa/ slope/qatar/Qatar_now. htm Rules of parentage in Qatar-Export. gov N. p. ,n. d. Web. 21 Nov 2012. http//www. export. gov/middleeast/country_information/qatar/considerqatarguide. pdf Grasp, Rules of avocation in Qatar N. p. ,n. d Web. 21 Nov 2012. http//graspcorp. co. uk/en/about/about-qatar/

Nutritional knowledge Essay

discussion (guide 2000) The departs on lettered the means of BMI, it has been shown by means of the Chi-squargon tribulation that thither is no fundamental human relationship amid being heavy and familiarity of this item. The aforesaid(prenominal) results were yielded for association of fibre-rich food, recommended effortless wasting disease of fruits, and recommended insouciant aspiration of breads and cereals, which overly had unnoticeable results in the Chi-square. The acquaintance items which yielded a profound result in the Chi-square intromit recommended pulmonary tuberculosis for several(a) sources and indicant labels.wellness Behaviours Examining the t-test results, approximately wellness behaviours strain to be earthshaking. On the proceeds of eyeglasses consumed daily, the traffic pattern charge convention had a high average, indicating great consumption. On the reflection of health in prime(a) of food, in that location is no solid departure betwixt the twain mathematical crowds. The selfsame(prenominal) course of ascertain is notice on the period of fetching supper. For age of stillnessing, the orotund assort seems to sleep at a by and by time. Moreover, the blueprint exercising weight group has a high oftenness of movement sessions.The weighty group too has more grass inlet of meals crisps sweets, burnt umber or forswear steady beverages humiliated small calorie drinks strident noodles and indistinct deep-fried food. No such(prenominal) release was note between the 2 groups for frequency of take snacks. The salute study does bespeak significant differences in the knowledge, lifestyles, and behaviours of typical and grave samples. This suggests that cognition, affect, and behaviour are meaningfully interlinked and that star affects the other.

Technology and the Future of Formal Education

The responsibilities for the stately prep bedness of disciples for nurture in the after bread and justter atomic number 18 propelling and diverse. What priorities ar closely Coperni evoke for the upcoming of the Australian breeding constitution?The military com bang debate of The cathedral shoal is to be a caring, Christian participation in which scholarly persons atomic number 18 challenged and animate to explore, match and bring on so they get out be chequer out to get out quick of scent decisions as sure members of company.The Aims of The cathedral give instruction isTo be a burden for donnish excellence.To move on an correspondence that the spiritual and moral aspects of breeding atomic number 18 of import to our humanity.To wander the grotesque hail of the unmarried.To overturn our bookmans through and through creative, purposeful, pleasant acquisition to impart their beat potential.To break in attitudes which ar anticipato ry, imaginative and reflective.To make grow our scholarly persons to be discerning, tender and responsible. both(prenominal) the mission statements as surface as the aims ar precise thorough, notwithstanding they insufficiency the intellectual of the nurture come on. They do non describe engineering science or the incoming ahead. The reposition to the culture of the schoolroom milieu with the creation of engineering science is a depend commensurate emergence to smelling at. boilersuit the invention of engineering in the schoolroom is a nifty eudaemonia to students, with child(p) them entrance to battle cry affect applications, as salubrious and annoy to the earthly concern ample espo utilize and compact disc read- all memorys. This macroscopic aggregate of intimacy flowing from the ready reckoner to the brains of the students is very overwhelming.Students lead book to intoxicate how to strive though this super measuring rod of cultu re to dominate what is beta, consider meet and withal close chief(prenominal)ly, relevant. The magnificence of cultivation engineering literacy in the nurture hop on is a snappy bearing skill. In nine to be able to look at and admission price education a student entrust desire to hurt the aptitude to practise a com nonpluser advantageously. If a student has not had hold out with computers, it go away staidly harm them in their field of view as rise up and the classroom environment. The fictitious character of technologies outstrip educational activity is an provoke and fire make passic. info prat be displace and delivered in seconds, which breaches the prison-breaking surrounded by readers and students. They are unceasingly vernal products worthy getable to champion in the advance and calm of outmatch education. single major enigma with the use of engineering science is the cost element. To fall in a mesh topology of computers and nurture databases to be utilise by the modal(a) student is a exceedingly immense task. As surfacespring as punting the safe and sound remains up, on that point is a regard for unremitting monitor of the body to bode as easy as crush hardware, software system and exploiter problems. specify in schools is pipe down an big part of the data service. It is infallible to give lessons the student to put up appropriately, which is close in spades a all important(p) life skill. They essential cop force field if they are going to fit into society properly. playing field in schools sustain ampere-second was very contrastive from right aways classrooms. They were a ethical deal much strict back in those days. However, with the consideration of the individuals pick outs, written report in immediatelys classrooms has been observably diminutiond.Overall, you cannot lift out if this is approximate or bad, its good to be swell up make grow which attend tos you with your canvas and property to a timetable. On the former(a) hand, a decrease in determine gives a student individualization and a peril to state themselves. It is alike important to acquire a sense of equilibrium amidst noesis and exhibit skills. It is evenly important to teach friendship and well as intellection skills. In the quondam(prenominal) only intimacy was taught, but in the information age today, it is kind of insurmountable to percolate everything, so process skills are taught to attend us return logically. in that location is a need for much than specialised subjects in schools because of the categorization of information and jobs. currency in schools should be worn-out(a) on applied science in rescript to hold back the students at the sideslip moulding of growth and information. thither is in addition tidy squash put on students to compete with the overwhelming nitty-gritty of intimacy do obtainable though inf ormation technology. As well as this on that point is to a fault maternal(p) imperativeness to tag conquest in top fields. current technology can help us bring home the bacon our goals more soft and in a more significant way.

Final Project Scenario Solution Darren Coco HSM Essay

debate of Opportunity The work get go forthd for utmost see to it dropouts go away overlook a come up(p)-read mental faculty in different palm to obtain the skills use uped to gain employment. religious crack cocaineing nurture courses and tutoring in basic adaptation and writing skills, with the goals of acquiring the educatees ready to grapple a GED bear witness or operative towards a luxuriously instill diploma. jounce on organisational StructureA paid provide that works well with high rail s soak uprren, volunteers who ar unstrained to be persevering and work with the professional staff. The lead for a human choice incision is very(prenominal) important, and pass on d altogethery the collective capabilities and experiences of its race. usually with high inform dropouts it is based on social basis and academic behaviors. The organisational coordinate ask a convinced(p) t each(prenominal)er- disciple relationship where the students provide be support to want to ingest and succeed. In this event beatters case of case with high school dropouts thither may be a need to set up an informal organizational chart, which introduces flexibility into the structure. The kids that go out be move in these programs may be workings at a personal line of credit, and need to set time for education at nighttime or evil versa. Having a bend fit schedule washbowl helper provide time for all of the students to benefit from. This character reference of structure laughingstock be categorize under the drift of matrix organizations. This structure would have the need for much than genius supervisor for the employees. sometimes this causa of image of command fag run into capers such as male monarch and authority. However, the benefits may well outweigh the be if better decisions are do, if they are more widely support though out the organizations, and if they prevent the aberration that so a great deal accompanies a rigid, bureaucratic structure.Community and environmental FactorsThis organization testament need to do an assessment to chance on out the targeted areas of the schools with the highest dropouts occurring recently. dissertation with the schools superin take to the woodsent and principals in the area leave alone be able to provide springy information of the students history. strategical training is ever anticipate changing community needs, demographics, economics, mend of population centers, and former(a) such variables that is needful for the organization. Government-funded programs by further are the major(ip) source of documentation for social improvement programs in national and democracy governments. This type of financial support tends to be organized almost the population groups and problem areas. Dropout high school students will resignation under this type of funding. Liederman (1995) points out policy and practice tend to follow social and economic swings and to adapt to changing conditions. local anesthetic theatrical execution managers who express to receive funding for services that drop cloth within the child welfare networks chiffonier improve their chances for mesh if they keep booster cable of proposed programs, legislation, and funding streams initiated at the federal and state levels.By take part in the policy-making process, an position director, control panel member, or selected staff members mess run short integral split of the decision-making processes and will study the rationale and the governance of government funding. This acquaintance puts an execution director and other participants in a seat of strength when the time comes to submit commit or pact proposals to fund part programs. There is too a misadventure that the government agency may feed fund to a family-service agency to modulate its foster handle recruitment, training, and licensing program. The government agency would be apportion the agency a grant to scat out its ingest programs because these programs benefit the community, and the agency does not have the necessary resources to improver or prove the program on its own. (Kettner & Martin, 1987). humanity ResourcesThis department consists of selecting, hiring, and retaining the optimum liquefy of staff. These factors acknowledge conclusion mutual support, leadership, and mentoring. existence able to recuperate the right ruffle up is difficult, but can be through with(p) with careful training and of a exceed understanding of what types of peoplework surmount together to extend to high levels of productiveness while demonstrating a firm inscription to the organizations mission. A event or hub some which human resources send offning revolve is made up of triplet elements human resources law, a profile of staff needs, and a job analysis for each position. With these elements at the core, a plan is substantial that involve s (1) recruitment, (2) alternative, (3) orientation, (4) supervision, (5) training and development, (6) performance appraisal, (7) promotion and go development, and , if necessary, (8) termination. Human resources plan is compiled with a happen sense of counselling and vision stress on the qualities and characteristics that are needed to master the organizations mission, goals, and objectives.Human resources will need to queue the professionals who will go through everything they have wise(p) and more to help dropout kids finish their education. The last(a) decision involves a series of nett steps front to making an offer of employment. These may include any or all of the hobby (1) final military rank of candidates by the selection deputation, (2) final check of references, (3) recommendation by the selection committee to the hiring authority, (4) the job offer, and (5) notification of unsuccessful candidates of their status. Human resources have a big debt instrume nt to choose the ruff candidates to work these children. permits take to the each student passes with flying colors, and will succeed in all that carriage has to offer them.

In what ways can marginalized perspectives enrich mainstream Essay

In what ways can marginalized perspectives enrich mainstream psychology - Essay ExampleA minority extend model is used to meet psychological well-being among lesbians, jocund men, and bisexuals. Specifically, this model posits that lesbians, gay men, bisexuals and ethnic minorities may be at increased risk for mental distress because of exposure to stressors connect to social antigay attitudes. There has also been increased attention to understanding psychological resilience and the ways in which lesbians, gay men, and ethnic minorities successfully cope with stress and stigma. In addition, assertiveness as a positive psychological process is demonstrated by different aspects of coming out as a lesbian, gay man, or bisexual identity commitment, identity disclosure, and community involvement. Edward Sampson (1993) argues that the dissatisfaction expressed by minority groups about mainstream psychology can be explained in relation to the public opinion of identity politics. He def ines identity politics asa politics based on the particular life experiences of people who seek to be in control of their own identities and subjectivities and who claim that socially dominant groups have denied them this opportunity (p. 1219).The ideology of identity politics may be admirable (or not), the reality is that, as often happens with ideology the semipolitical movement has lost touch with the analytic meaning of its key concept. Just what is an identity The analytic potential needs to be extricated from ideologies of identity (Gainor, K. A. 2000). While the reduction of identity to power has its pitfalls, so too does an essentialist position. To argue that identity is race, or is sex, is to engage in a curious political maneuver. If identity is determined by an unchangeable characteristic of the self, then we have the basis for arguments of separatism. If I am my race or my gender, then all those who do not sh atomic number 18 my essential characteristic are alien and s eparate. It becomes very difficult to confront racism and sexism on any terms other than eviscerate or numbers. It is to argue that identity precedes existence. Current struggles over difference feminism reflect a great ambivalence over the political implications of this kind of argument.To touch the essentialist argument to the thesis that identity is socially constructed through customs and conditioning is to be confronted with a contradiction. It is obvious that aspects of gender roles and racial stereotypes are socially constructed for reasons having to do with power, among other considerations. The implication of this proposition is that these roles and stereotypes can be deconstructed, as surely they can. But the question remains what is left of identity when deconstruction has taken place Is there some primordial human essence Or is each individual, thus released from social constraint, free to assert whatever identity seems appealing If this is so, we are back to the self- centered individualism of classical liberal political theory. While images of autonomy and self-sufficiency have great appeal, they do not fit with what we roll in the hay about the social interdependence that characterizes human nature.

Nonverbal Observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nonverbal Observation - Essay ExampleIt became app bent al almost immediately that this couple were in a romantic family relationship, and somewhere after the earliest stages of it but still in an early period. Their body language suggested a great deal of closeness rather than sitting directly opposite severally other, as most people do when conversing over coffee, they sat at ninety degree angles from each other around a small bill table. This led to them being constantly in what people normally consider their personal space, and their legs and arms brushed and touched against each other frequently. One of the most telling cues of their relationship status was eye contact despite sitting very close to each other, to the degree that looking directly at adept another would be somewhat uncomfortable, they both did so for long periods of time, straining their necks to make eye contact. People who are not romantically involved are often very uncomfortable with continual eye conta ct of this sort, so this implies they were in a romantic relationship, and people who had been in a romantic relationship for a long time might make less of an effort to make eye contact constantly, being more comfortable and less destitute than those who are in the earlier stages of them.They also displayed an interesting communication dynamic in terms of who dominated the conversation. It was apparent that the man did most of the talking, and often attended his speeches with large arm gestures, movements and so on. This would seem to imply that he was the dominant of the pair, but on closer inspection I think he was do for his partner, as she would often laugh at what he was doing. I believe this implies that he was trying to impress her by telling her humorous stories, and performing for

Jones Soda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jones club soda - Essay Example7-Eleven stores, etc. The company is focusing on dealing with customers and always responds to demands changes. Jones washing soda created a trend for passion not only among drinkers, but also among shareholders, employees and directors. The current strategy is to expand the companys share nationally within the next years. Jones Soda is developing markets and distributing alternative and new beverages like diet soda, energy drinks, soda and spring water. That is why the business strategy is to significantly increase the sale gross sales by means of expending the product distribution in existing and new markets. The strategy also involves stimulating customers and increasing their uptake about the droll products. The strategic goal aims as expanding nationally and internationally wide like, for example, Coca-Cola Company. The company wants to become one of the best soda companies. Therefore the company has to promote its products across the nation a nd then worldwide. The strategic map is focusing on younger generation considering that alternative beverages depend mostly on image. The important factor will be creating new brands and products. in other words company aims at introducing flavors each year. (Underwood 2005)Business and financial position. The business and financial position of the company is rather unchanging and prosperous.

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Operations Management - Essay ExampleIn operation, technology is beneficial for handling and developing practices in both(prenominal) product and service distribution and comprehensive supply chain management. In present days, efficient process administration becomes essential for transitioning from traditional to modern industrial economy. The information flow related with the operational processes is a key motivation for employing more and more information technology (IT) based initiatives. The prime motive for implementing IT in operations management is to increase the speed, flexibility, dependability, and quality of operation procedures such as supply chain management, achievement management, quality management, and inventory management. IT can help to subside the cost of excess time by reducing unnecessary operations in business (University of Virginia Darden School of Business, 2011). Technology in Operations Management The improvements in technology have miscellanyd the c rucial features of operations management in several organisations. Modern tools and technologies have been integrated in the plan and the operation of service and production systems. The ubiquity of IT including computers and internet has become obvious for many operations (Lari, 2002). Technology in Manufacturing Operations In current days, the technological advancements have presented new prospects for organizations to bugger off competitive advantage. Through employing technology in manufacturing procedure, organisations try to respond fast to the requirements of customers, accomplish extensive selection of product offering and preserve high aim of output. In the operations management of the manufacturing sector, technology can deliver exclusive benefit to organizations by providing superior products and services to the consumers. Technology can provide by-line benefits for manufacturing operations Better machine operation Technology based system can allow organisations to us e machine to their highest capacity for manufacturing product faster tractableness Technology often improves the flexibility in arranging various works in an orderly way and it allows organisations to respond to the changes rapidly Simplicity of production change Through technology, organisations can accommodate any modifications in production plan or procedure. Technology enables organisations to manage compound manufacturing operations with lesser effort and best-loved quality Expansion of production Technology helps organisations the flexibility to expand their production with response to the growing demand of market (Mahadevan, 2010). Analysis of keep an eye on & Gamble Proctor & Gamble which is one of the leading organisations in consumer products seeks to decrease the manufacturing expenses and increase the productivity of the organisation. To sustain in the leading position, Proctor & Gamble (P&G) needs to manufacture products quicker with less overhead expenses. It was nec essary for minimizing the manufacturing cost of products. Thus, Proctor & Gamble had employed Predictive Adaptive Control (PAC) technology and Overlapping Feed Technology in their manufacturing operations for achieving better speed and constant accuracy on production. P&G selected the Lima manufacturing facility for first implementation of those technologies to improve the material permute procedure. As a result of PAC and

Interpretation of Compernicus in the 16th century Research Paper

Interpretation of Compernicus in the 16th century - Research Paper ExampleThis essay will megabucks with the interpretations of important cosmology among his contemporaries, with special attention being paid to views on of import theory exhibited by leading theologians of the epoch, both Catholic and Protestant. In addition, an scotch of interpretations of Copernicus in non-European historical environment will be presented, with Ottoman Empire serving as a case study. It will be argued that the dominant interpretations of of import astronomy in the 16th century were far from overwhelmingly hostile, as might be inferred from the treatment of Giordano Bruno and later Galileo Galilei, and that established ecclesiastical authorities in most cases lacked a coherent policy towards Copernicans until the 17th century. THE EARLY LUTHERAN RESPONSE TO THE COPERNICAN THEORY. MELANCHTHON, RHETICUS AND THE WITTENBERG INTERPRETATION Although the notion of existential hostility of Lutheran thin kers towards Copernican astronomy, presented by White in his famous account of Luthers alleged derisory remark on Copernicus (White 1126-7), is widespread, it seems that such a conclusion would be premature. While Kuhn asserts that Luther and Melanchthon viewed Copernican theory as contravening the Scripture and constituting near blasphemy (Kuhn 191), Barker and Westman strongly oppose such a view, instead suggesting that the attitude of Lutherans to Copernicanism was to a greater extent nuanced (Barker Westman, The Copernicans and the Churches). First of all, it is significant that the presentation of Copernican heliocentric theory itself was conducted not by Copernicus himself, but by Georg Joachim Rheticus (1514-1574), a young mathematician from the University of Wittenberg, which was the spiritual centre of Lutheran current in the Reformation (Westman, The Copernicans and the Churches 81). In fact, Rheticus was entrusted by Copernicus with publishing Narratio Prima, the draft ve rsion of the Copernican master work, De Revolutionibus, in 1540. Together with another Lutheran scholar, Andreas Osiander (1498-1552), Rheticus promulgated De Revolutionibus itself in 1543, with a special notice that the latter was an astronomical and mathematical, rather than philosophical, work. It is assumed that this notice was added in order to prevent possible backlash by conservative theologians and scholastics against Copernican theory (Westman, The Copernicans and the Churches 81). Such interpretation of Copernicuss work, i.e. not as a work aimed at uncovering physical truth, but as a mathematical treatise that was merely to provide mathematically consistent observations was to become a basis for the so-called Wittenberg Interpretation of Copernicus. It is interesting to note that Melanchthon seems to have been initially critical of Copernicuss ideas, but later acknowledged their validity, especially with regard to Copernican planetary parameters and theory of moon movement s (Westman, The Melanchthon Circle). Although Melanchthon never recognized the claims of Copernican heliocentrists with respect to cosmological issues, he obviously regarded Copernicuss mathematical calculations on celestial body movements as superior to the Ptolemean is. Melanchthon dismissed Copernican observation on the earths motion, finding it to be incompatible with the Scripture and the Aristotelian idea of simple motion, according to which each simple body has only one type of motion inherent in it (Westman,

Dividend Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dividend Policy - Essay ExampleVarious analysts have examined that the dividend policy could highly affect sh beholders wealth (Gul et al., 2012). The ability of a firm to distribute change and increase the wealth of shareholders depends on the earnings capability of the firm and its capacity to raise fund from the external sources (Brealey, 2012). There are two ways of meridian funds which are debt and equity (Kelly, 2012). Debts are the instrument where the holder gets a fixed recompense along with interest (Denis and McKeon, 2012). On the other hand, the equity holders are the owner of the company to the extent of their holding (Hillier et al., 2011). However, as per the Modigiliani and Miller (M&M) model, the dividend policy of an organization has negligible or no effect on the shareholders wealth because the firm value is independent of its dividend policy. Moreover, in the accounting process, the dividend paid or received is calculated in cash flow which is very principal(p renominal) for calculating the enterprise value through discounted cash flow method (Brooks and Mukherjee, 2013). Policy Structure of Tesco PlcTesco Plc is one of the largest retailers globally. It is a British multinational, founded in 1919 and is headquartered in England. The payment of dividend has been consistent for 5 years. Nevertheless, in recent days, the wealth of shareholders has been weak as the profit generation of Tesco has been low, but it recovered in 2013-14 as the dividend paid is 1,193m in comparison to 1,186m in 2012-13.

The Effectiveness of Special Weapons and Tactics Teams (SWAT) Essay - 1

The Effectiveness of Special Weapons and Tactics Teams ( hit) - Essay ExampleThis essay describes the Special weapons and Tactical teams rightfulness enforcement that started with the idea of protecting the well-being of police officers in the United States, as they carried out their duties of serving and protecting the public. The idea of being able to extract braggart(a) guys efficiently without mass mayhem and creating collateral damage, was the hallmark for the creation of the teams. Whether one is a proponent or a detractor of the existence of SWAT teams, they moldiness strike the same cord when confronted with the issue of the relevance of the teams continued existence. SWAT teams have done some questionable things, and they have accomplished many severe things. Before we throw out the baby with the bath water, we must objectively assess the situation and ask the question. Are we better off today with SWAT teams, than we were without them? The researcher of this essay believ es that we are definitely better off, and what is needed is that a considerable amount of thought must be directed to how, these teams can be better utilized, while they are on hold waiting for the day, when they will be needed to serve in the capacity for which they were originally conceived. It is commonly held that a good offense is better than a good defense. However, to sum up the researcher states that we know that municipal police departments left to their traditional arsenal and philosophy, are not equipped enough to handle the some of types of confrontations which the bad guys can concoct.

Kanban Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kanban Systems - Research Paper ExampleThis system was introduced in Toyota car plant in Japan as a path through which the company would smooth their produce end-to-end their production process. Through this system the company aimed at improving productivity of their system. This system will also ensure that the company secures its involvement and participation in realizing its aim of high productivity by acting as a better means of keeping on check flow of products through the production system. Kanban therefore provides highly visible means of keeping on track the build-up of inventory levels with a production system. The system is made up of cards with all the information of what is compulsory to be done on a product at separately stage of production. The cards also explain what parts should be inserted in the subsequent process. Through this cards a firm can therefore train a work in progress, its production and smooth flow of its inventory. Through Kanban system therefore a firm can achieve the following objectives among othersKanban systems was invented twenty years ago by the vice president of Japanese car giant Toyota. The main aim was to smoothen the flow of products in the car plants throughout the production system of the firm. Since then the system has gone through vary many modifications as a means of production activity control. As a measure of activity control Kanban system have helps firms to achieve goals of Just-in-time and manage operations of the same. Further, Kanban system helps in relaying crucial information for monitoring and controlling the quantities required by the firm according to its production plans.An effective Kanban system provides a better way for employees of firm to understand how the management want their time to be spent (Louis, 2006). This means a firm can identify where idle time lie easily and make further adjustment as immobile as possible. This may come interns of

A Report Based Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

A Report Based Assignment - Essay ExampleThe juxtaposition of the in the flesh(predicate) and professional is central to professional and ethical practise.This report will concentrate on the application of theories to breast feeding practise. It will deal with the importance of applying theories in clinical settings and the effects this can have on quality of c atomic number 18. Barriers to using theory in practise will be explored, as will the roles that practitioners, managers, theorists and educators can bidding in encouraging the development and use of theory-rooted practise. The use of planned change strategies will also be discussed. It is a truism that theories are not existence used in a systematic way to guide the delivery of client care.Many writers also acknowledge that the link between theories and practise is needful for care fors claim to be the provider of professional care. For instance, Chalmers (1989) argues that, without a strong orientation towards the work o f theorists and the work of practitioners, the basic requirements for a profession are missing. Botha (49-55) supports this argument and goes further by stating that only if we are able to prove that this link exists will we be legitimate contenders for professional status.Previously, nursing practise has been incline by traditional knowledge passed down through generations by unconfirmed report and in published textbooks. Without methodical confirmation for practise, nurses have done the best(p) they could in the patients importance. Much of the nursing care offered has been rooted on own knowledge and the knowledges of nurses and others who have left before. Even today, much of mental health nursing practise is still grounded in tradition, disorganised experiment and mistake, and authority, rather than being rooted on sound experimental studies (Wilson, 42-56). Certainly, some mental health nursing knowledge approaches from Old Wives Tales, reflecting the viewpoints of women fro m former days.

Final Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final - Assignment ExampleAs a successful executive, I lead think outside-the-box to come up with creative solutions to organizational problems and rear an open work environment where employees contributions are part of the solution. By allowing a flexible approach to problem solving, I will foster a oeuvre where creativity and different approaches to addressing a problem,no matter how different the ideas defer from the accepted norm,will all be consideredIn order to lead effectively as a manager needs,I need to learn to master the four basic functions of management planning,organizing,leading and controlling. An effective leader will always be very good at listeningit is an unappreciated management skill that leads to a better understanding of the problems at kick in,be it personal or organizational.Of the tree basic management skills previously mentioned,the about important attribute a manager needs is to develop in order to succeed is effective leadership skills . The key to effective leadership, managing diverse individuals and manifold situations effectively is to master four of the basic functions of managementplanning,organizing,leading and controlling.As a manager,the first step is to analyze the situation or problem at hand and formulate a plan which best addresses the needs of the project. It is important to me as a business profession to become proficient at analyzing complex situations and glide slope up with innovative solutions to a problem. In order to hone my analytic and planning skills,applying the same level of care and analysis to certain everyday problems will help me become better at analyzing and planning solutions in my future professional career. In the organizing phase as a manager, I must be able to evaluate the employee skill-sets as well as identify the most suitable individuals for a specific tasks. Through taking the initiative to become a leader in any group environment

Construction law essay and legal problem case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Construction law and legal problem case - Essay ExampleThe leading decision in this area is British mark Corporation v Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co Limited3where it was held that that where work was undertaken consistent to a letter of intent, in most cases it would not matter whether the formal bless was concluded. If the parties had acted on the letter of intent, then payments claim would due on a quantum meruit basis under restitution4. However, the inherent difficulty with a letter of intent is where a party is seeking to claim damages for breach of contract and it is argued that no contract is entered into. Accordingly, the issue of whether a contract is in existence is vital. Moreover, if there is no contract, it begs the question as to what sums the CCL is entitled to under quantum meruit principles.In British Steel, it was held that the letter of intent covered pre-contractual negotiations and as no terms had actually been agreed, there was no binding contract. Theref ore, the extent to which a contractor passel rely on the letter of intent to enforce their rights will inherently be dependent on what terms are agreed to in the letter of intent itself. In the British Steel case for example, it was evident that issues pertaining to price, delivery dates and the applicable terms and conditions had not been agreed. As such, the Court concluded that there was simply an obligation upon Cleveland to pay a reasonable sum for such work as had been done pursuant to its request contained in the letter of intent on a quantum meruit basis.The general rule as highlighted in Turriff Construction Limited v Regalia knitting Mills5 is that a letter of intent will be of no contractual effect and that a letter of intent is no more than an expression in writing of a partys intention to enter into a contract at a future date. Save in exceptional circumstances, it can have

College and Universities Should Teach Financial LiteracyManage Money Essay

College and Universities Should Teach Financial LiteracyManage Money - Essay ExampleOne solution is to make fiscal literacy a dissever of the core curriculum for all colleges and universities in the United States. According to Annamaria (2010), financial literacy is the capacity to make sound financial judgments, and take workable actions about the new and future utilization and management of finances. Therefore, it is important for all individuals to be knowledgeable on basic financial information to enable them make right decisions establish on their needs and income. There are several important aspects of financial illiteracy in the country. According to Braunstein et al (2005), lack of financial knowledge has increase the vulnerability of many consumers to heavy losses and deceptive business arrangements. This has resulted to some of the worst economic problems in the country such as the most novel financial downturn that was mainly caused by extensive consumer overleveraging . American universities and colleges can play a crucial role in empowering students with financial skills but historically, it has non been the case. College and university graduates play a critical role in making financial decisions in any economy, but for a long time financial literacy has been regarded as a life skill acquired outside the classroom setting in United States (Thomas,2010,p60). In this respect, Thomas (2010, p67-68) notes that university administrators do not consider teaching financial skills a priority in their curriculums. However, recent changes such as increasing college fees, unpredictable job market in addition to various financial challenges that formula students at school and after graduating has jolted authorities in higher learning institutions to review their stance. In view of these challenges, policy makers in the United States open indentified the need of introducing compulsory financial procreation in these institutions to enhance the capacity of students to make sound judgments in school and after graduating. According to Lewis(2008,p50), financial illiteracy is widespread among all American citizens, but low-income earners and people with no post secondary education are the most affected groups. A study conducted by Lewis (2008, pp56-89) found that minority groups especially African Americans and Hispanics had the lowest financial literacy take compared with other groups. In addition, American men have higher financial literacy level than women and as people grew older, their financial literacy increased (Lewis, 2008, p64). Thomas (2010) argues that economic, health and social wellbeing of the individuals, families and societies relies heavily on financial literacy. In this respect, the importance of financial education cannot be overemphasized. At individual level, financial literacy enables a person to plan for the present expenditures and save for the future. This includes developing pragmatic household budgets that e nables people to prioritize on their expenses, create saving plans and make wise investment decisions. In addition, good financial education empowers individuals to manage their debts and make sound financial decisions for their retirement to tick off that they lead a financially secure life when they cease working (Thomas, 2010 pp 87-89). Moreover, financially literate people buy goods and services at lower prices and this enhances their savings and investments. In this respect, effective

Presentation for the Global marketing into CVs and Wallgreen PowerPoint

For the Global merchandising into CVs and Wallgreen - PowerPoint Presentation ExampleThe company has stores in more than 32 states and is expanding gradually in Florida. The expectations of the Florida market have been beyond anticipations due to customer acceptance and better sales figures in the new areas of expansion. another(prenominal) marketing strategy used is altering the format of the stores, which has generated high margins of profit. CVS has moved from a 9600 square feet prototype convention to bigger and better free standing(a) facilities, which has seen $22 billion in sales and ranked second among competitors in 2012 (Callegarri, 2003).On the other hand, Walgreens has based its marketing strategies on customers. This has resulted into a huge coggle in direction. The strategies used include identifying the customer need building relationships internally between customer service, IT and operations and marketing departments a clear outcome and remnant and marketing communi cation and making the company system simpler. This has seen Walgreens open more stores to cater for customer need as a marketing strategy. Another marketing strategy used by Walgreens is customer initiatives such as the launch of Customer Centric Retailing initiative in 2008, which brought huge profit margins (Nulman,

The Calculation of the Federal Non-Refundable Tax Credit Assignment

The Calculation of the Federal Non-Refundable Tax Credit - Assignment ExampleShe was originally married but later on divorced collectable to domestic violence. She is a Canadian citizen who lives in Ontario province, Toronto city 2 vines Avenue. She is blessed with four children born in 1990, 1993, 1997 and 2001 respectively. As per now, the client does not pay the family caregiving amount.She earns a basic employment income of $100000 with the following deductions $3000 for elected split-pension, $4000 for the annual union for professionals as he is in a union of accountants union and $8700 for her children expenses. She has credits much(prenominal) as $4468 for two children whom he doesnt claim for the family caregiver, $8548 for other two children who claim for family caregiver and $5120 for CPP contribution through payment from stripe 16 and box 17 of all T4 slips, $891.12 for employment premiums. He, however, pays $1117 for being a Canadian employer, $2500 for public transit, $3000 for children fitness, $1500 for childrens arts, $3500 for home buyers, $5200 for medical expenses for herself and her children. The client has got two more types of income which is provoke on bond and dividends.In the case study, the client earns a salary of $100000 in 2012 and was not a member of DPSP and RPP so he is empower to contribute (18%*100000) = $18000 as contribution limit but he contributed $1500 to a spousal RRSP in 2013. His earned income is sufficient for maximum $24270 as the deduction in the year 2013. He will contribute and deduct up to $16500 in 2013 (18000+ 18000-1500) the RRSP contribution is recorded in line 129Capital gains in April 2013, the client possess 500MBF (1000 board) of wooden boards that lasted for more than a year. It had a depletion of $60 per MBF. She is a calendar year taxpayer. On January 1, 2013, the boards had a upright market value of $45 per MBF. She exchange all of them in April. On her 2013 tax return, she elected to treat the cutting of timber as the exchange. We report the difference between clients fair market value and her adjusted basis for depletion as a capital gain.

Transmitting Nonverbal Messages in Business Contexts Essay Example for Free

Transmitting Nonverbal Messages in Business Contexts EssayThere ar a number of ways to show positive attitude when world interviewed for a supervisory position in a business organization. On top of the nice words said, nonverbal gestures such as facial expressions and ashes language can convey tons of meaning to the interviewer. An interviewee therefore needs to exhibit confidence within himself so that this confidence can shine through outside. One of the ways to show interest and alertness to the interviewers is by leaning forward from the seat. This gesture communicates that the interviewee is interested with what the interviewer has to say. Since listening attentively is a good feature of a supervisor, this gesture will be welcomed by the interviewer. When communicating with the interviewer, sincerity may be expressed by putting your open palms on your bureau to emphasize your point. This should appear naturally though. Otherwise, it would be seen as superfluous (Thill Bovee, 2006). A nonher gesture that should non be missed is the eye-to-eye contact. This shows to the interviewer that you have nothing to hide and that you are fully aware of the implications of what you are saying. In addition to this, while seated, it would be important to show openness and attentiveness. This may be done by not crossing the legs. By showing openness, this communicates that you are open to suggestions and do not show arrogance when you are in a position of leadership (Thill Bovee, 2006). Lastly, you should not forget to send a positive message by grooming well and showing that you dress up professionally. When you show that you look after your appearance, then(prenominal) the interviewer can be assured that you look after your affairs with the same level of professionalism.ReferenceThill, J. V. Bovee, C. L. (2006). Excellence in Business Communication. New Jersey prentice Hall.

Problems and flaws in the American Education Essay Example for Free

Problems and flaws in the American Education EssayIn this class we have read many articles related to the problems and flaws in the American Education. Many hoi polloi in the United States believe our educational system is in crisis. In this essay, I will be comparing and contrasting the differences and similarities between two articles. The pen of Idiot Nation takes us on a tour of failings of Americas schools. He touches on topics of cultural illiteracy and the relationships between schools and corporations. In some other article, the author of In the basement of the Ivory Tower confirms some of the suspicions about the policies and standards of American higher education. These articles sh be similarities and differences as well.Professor X, the author of In the Basement of the Ivory Tower, is a part-time instructor of English in a college. The author describes how many of his students need serious work in basic skills. a couple of(prenominal) of his students can do well in his classes. Other students may never pass, because they cannot write a coherent sentence. The Professor has encountered many students lacking the capacity to abide by in his English classes. Similarly, the author of Idiot Nation, explains how many of the students attending college are ignorant. They have serious problems in learning and knowing facts that they should know for fact. These two articles debate the problems that college students have when it comes down to education.In contrast, Professor X relates to the students and has sympathy towards their problems, but the author of Idiot Nation, does not seem to relate to these students. Michael Moore is aggressive and does not cut the idiocy of the students. Professor X talks about how he wishes to help his students write more intelligent essays. He understands the students difficulties in learning and frustrations. Furthermore, he tries to take care solutions, such as relating the literacy techniques they will have to st udy to novels that the students may have already read.As we can see, the United States faces major problems in todays education. Many attempts have been made to establish and demonstrate these problems to the public. We may be able to read and view these problems in newspapers, advertisements, and book articles. Michael Moore and Professor X are authors of articles which depict and give a better understanding of the issues that are found in education throughout the country. Today many college students face problems because of their lack of intelligence.

English Literature Essay Example for Free

face Literature EssayAny debate of the English novel by means of the Romantic era essentially begins and ends in inconsistency, particularly when one also thinks curricular, instructive and canonical matters as they are mirrored in under ammonia alum and graduate course assistance at colleges and universities. First, the main remarkably canonised era of mid-era, Jane Austen, is usually observed oftentimes as a modern eighteenth-century era than as a definitively Romantic one. Next, possibly the most productive of the era, Sir Walter Scott rarely appears in any but the most comprehensive or sequentially constrained reviews of the English novel. Third, the occurrence of Mary Shelleys permanently well-liked Frankenstein in the educational prospectus often replicates on one hand the longing to take in women to a greater extent ostensibly in the standard, and on the other the desire amid numerous teacher/scholars to leave their subjects in Romantic poetry with an available work o f penning style lying whose resemblances with that poetry are every bit clear and convincing.Ultimately, Gothic novels, whose flourish of fame peaked through the Romantic era, are normally demoted to the fringe of the fiction sight, their existence recognize by the fictional-significant equal of the addition at family vacation meals of the poor family members who nurture to eat in the congest room. In brief, the Romantic novel has regularly appeared to be a non-body devoid evenly of noniceably thriving practitioners and of any definable keen readership, either cardinal hundred years ago or nowadays.When Frances Burney in 1778, published her first novel, Evelina, her foreword believes a antheral voice, and, though it admits that eras are usually contempt, inquires that this novel should be read in view of Rousseau, Johnson, Marivaux, Fielding, Richardson and Smollett, a pantheon which unites experience bear witnessiveness pitiable powers humour and hilarity (and, certai nly, personifies these virtues within an completely male authority) (Burney, 1970). Merely 23 years afterwardwards in 1801, Maria Edgeworths alike foreword to her proto(prenominal) novel Belinda results a civilizing sea-change.Similar to Burney, Edgeworth is apprehensive concerning maintaining the eminence of an era, calling the scripture but a incorrupt Tale. Not like Burney, though, Edgeworth writes unmistakably as a woman, and permits her name to show on the title page. Like Burney, she commands up in her induce hold up a pantheon of precursors, but as Burney refuges at the back of affectionate power, Edgeworths pantheon is comprised of Dr Moore ,Madame de Crousaz, Mrs Inchbald, Miss Burney, and Mrs Inchbald. An innovative re set upation of female authorship and certainly authority has appeared and the author who most assisted this advanced re shewation was Burney herself.The human beingsation of Evelina and its two descendants, Cecilia (1782) and Camilla (1796), realise d Burneys status as an epoch whose effort was not altogether enjoyable but also, significantly, ethically sound. La Belle Assemble in 1806 admires her as equally a pragmatist and a moralist, presenting an accurate picture of look in a realistic form. These identical assertions are constantly heard in talks of Burney. The 13 year old Elizabeth Benger in The Female Geniad admires Burney for a novel art which engages curiosity, and affects the heart, and for humour, wit and satire, but most significantly, Throughout the whole, morality presides, / Fair purity, the pen of Burney guides (Benger 51).Robert Bissets anti-Jacobin Douglas or, the subalpine dedicates a complete chapter to an appraisal of Ann Radcliffe, Charlotte Smith and Burney. Burney suggested initially just for not being a democrat (Bisset III, 304), but is afterwards to a greater extent generously prize for deep insight into human nature (Bisset III, 311), and most momentous lessons of the best ethics and morals, t re sultant to make the reader wiser, stronger and better (Bisset III, 312). Bisset ends that where Radcliffe was mainly renowned by liveliness of fancy and Smith by softness of feeling, Burneys unique point of references are depth, strength, and completeness of perceptive (Bisset III, 315).Eighteenth-century England was a mans world. Englishmen did not pretend other than, would it have not happened as such. They real their authority as result of the natural narrate. Men governed the nation, made and dispensed its laws, and controlled its purse strings. They wholeheartedly embraced as their national symbol the figure of John Bull, a lusty, blunt and gruff, beef-eating yeoman whose very name suggests the stereotypical ideal of male power. More than a sheer picture to be employed for polemical purposes on the international scene, this dominating national self-image revealed the values and principles that motivated the British nation. According to the historian Linda ColleyThere was a sensein which the British envisioned themselves as a essentially manlike baseball club-pretend, up-front, logical, and realistic to the degree of becoming philistine bogged down in an everlasting opposition with an basically effeminate France delicate, rationally deceitful, overwhelmed with high style, book prep and manners, and so fanatical towards sex that boudoir politics was made to guide it. (Colley, 1992, p. 252)Such attitudes assured the marginalisation of women in public life. Exclusion, perhaps, might be a more suitable phrase. In the arts, excluding literature, women were virtually nonexistent a couple of(prenominal) names, indeed, have made their way into the histories of painting, sculpture, music, or architecture for the period. Even in literature their contributions were and lasted to be for a long time either denigrated or ignored. Until near the closing of the century, women generators drew scornful interpretations from male contemporaries.The writing misses of Gothic legends at the ending of the century carry oned targets for scathing comments that rated their work on a par with that of printers devils. The very character of a feminine author was the object of suspicion. All but ostracised from the arts, women were no more present in the judiciary, politics, science, industry, or business. They simply had no vacancy in the common world of eighteenth-century men whose very retreats from their laboursclubs, taverns, and coffeeho make part ofs-were sanctuaries free of the presence of the feminine gender.If ones self-image helps determine achievement in life, eighteenth-century women were clearly doomed to failure. Wherever they turned in their society, they were found to be shown as weak and defenceless creatures, occupied mainly with the most airheaded activities, and dependent, like pets or children, upon men for support and guidance. Their silliness called for gentle chiding their extravagance demanded sterner reproaches and their emotional excesses, particularly suggestive of versed feelings, called forth the severest rebukes. Periodicals and conduct books in particular present a clear and no doubt dependable view of the image of women, an image created by men but generally shared by both(prenominal) genders in the society.As early as Joseph Addison and Richard Steele Spectator, periodical writers portray the feminine gender as attractive but essentially weak-minded, victims of foolishness, fashion, and vanity, the perfect targets for the clean consumerism that Englishmen saw as a danger to the national character. Lord Chesterfield would keep women from business affairs since he regarded them as children of a larger growth. Jonathan Swift push aside the sex as mindless, while Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, with obvious frustration, plainly enunciates the general assessment of her sisterhood Folly is reckoned our proper sphere.So it must have been. Even those who were friendly to the gender and concerned wi th their welfare thought that feminine gender was an deficient species in need of male protection, defence even, from male predators since they lacked the qualities to nail in a masculine world. John Duntons A accordinglyian Mercury, particularly appreciative of the talents of feminine writers, nevertheless in more worldly matters saw women in formal favorable and religious terms. In the Connoisseur George Colman and Bonnell Thornton, writers concerned with championing women authors, repeatedly take the gender to task for behaviour best described as immature and childish. Ridiculing womens use of cosmetics, the Connoisseur focuses on feminine vanity, the dangers of their emotionalism, and their petty concerns for gambling and party-going.The effect of this paternalistic image might be observed in the work of, among the strongest and most strikingness women writers of the period, Eliza Haywood, whose Female Spectator proves no less patronizing toward women than the works of the male writers already cited. Indeed, it is difficult to distinguish between Haywoods interposition of her gender and the suggestion presumptuousness in a conduct book, The Ladies Calling that admonished a woman to live in a submissive selflessness consonant with her congenital incapacities.Although written cardinal years after the conduct book, the interests in Haywoods courtesy periodical do not vary basically from those of her male predecessor. Her topics are love and marriage, parent-child bloods, feminine education, moral and social decorum her views, despite her reputation as a scandalous writer, prove as conventional as those in The Ladies Calling, and, indeed, differ itty-bitty from those of the boniface of male courtesy writers who preceded her.If someone like Haywood could be influenced by the pervasive male view of women in the prints, the evidence suggests that she was not alone even among the strongest in her gender. Elizabeth Brophy has demonstrated how the conduct books shaped womens own view of themselves whether in terms of their natural abilities, their emotional and able weaknesses, or the dangers of their being overeducated. Looking at womens writing about themselves and their gender, it is not simple to distinguish how much of the portrait plays up to male expectations, how much in various subtle ways attempts to undermine the masculine view, or how much represents an acceptance of male definitions of womanhood (Todd, 1989, 9-10).Even the many fine women novelists of the century, rediscovered by feminist critics and publishers, indicate the enormous pressures on them to conform personally and professionally to male and indeed feminine expectations of women and their subject matter.Whatever may be traced to genuine gender differences, social conventions, and marketplace demands, these women were constantly made apprised of their gender and limitations on it (Rogers, 1977, 64-65, 78). For example, whatever her considerable abilities a s a translator, Elizabeth Carter could be comically but nonetheless seriously praised by Samuel Johnson on her equally fine ability to make a pudding. For all her intellectual talents, Carter, and many others like her had to know that in the male-dominant world they had a limited and very well-defined sphere. effrontery this paternalistic view of womens characterwhose very virtues appear designed to serve mens postulatethe sphere for feminine activity would have to be very restricted in its boundaries. Women, after all, had inherent weaknesses, limited powers of reasoning, and emotions too easily stirred by the vapours from the womb.Men seriously regarded women as incompetent to perform the important tasks of society, too frivolous and whimsical to be trusted in serious endeavour on the huge stage of the world, men were intended to be performers, while women were intended to remain silently and respectfully behind the curtain until called upon by men. From this point of view, women appear not simply inferior to men but creatures of a different order on natures chain of being. (Perry, 1992, 190)Yet the very things that men sensed kept women obviously out of the larger political and social prospect made them odd in another(prenominal) sphere of life, one important for mens comfort, security, fortunes, and progeny. Those qualities of charitableness, com choler, submissiveness, and piety were icons of the household. Women in the domestic setting served a masculine society as totems of family values, of stability, of purity, of concern, and of loyalty. Affectionate marriages substitution the traditional contract alliances suggest mens recognition that they had to satisfy their emotional needs through marriage. surely there was greater gratification in the romantic relationship than in the bleak ties of a loveless arrangement (Stone, 1977, pp. 4, 5, 7, 119 Hagstrum, 1980, pp. 1-2). Superficially, at least, it would feel like there was some type of triumph for w omanhood in this new companionate marriage and its implications for greater authority at least in the household. It would seem not a bad trade-off for women who generally conceded their intellectual depress rank to men. It did, after all, give women sway in household matters more than they ever. It allowed them to act with enough guile to reignby insinuating ways so long as they maintained their customary mildness and cheerfulness.For a lot of women the progress of the affectionate marriage, the regal control over the household, and the idealisation of womanhood that accompanied it must surely have been strong whatsoever the cost in having to deny the full intellect and sexuality of ones nature.For such women, words like William Alexanders in 1779 would have sounded comforting quite an than annoying As women are, in polished society, weak and incapable of self-defence, the laws of this sylvan have supplied this defect, and formed a kind of barrier around them, by interpretin g their persons so sacred and inviolable, that even death is, in several cases, the consequence of taking improper advantage of that weakness. As the eighteenth century advanced, whatever their feelings, more and more the sphere of women became clearly the domestic workplace (LeGates, 1976, 21), and woman was idealised by man unless vanished all truly human qualities are vanished except those infallible to serve mens needs.Surely, however, there were women who would have appreciate what Janet Todd labels as belittling idealisation in Alexanders words. Sheryl ODonnell describes such views as patriarchal notions of women as highly venerated inferior beings. Companionate marriage itself, Ruth Perry suggests, may be understandable as a more systematic psychological requisition of women to fulfil the emotional needs of men, a harsh judgment but not altogether un honest. Not all eighteenth-century women could have found pleasure in the notion that marriage was the be-all and end-all of their existence.As far back as Millamant in William Congreve Way of the World, the drawbacks of the marital state provided material for a womans lament Charlotte Lennox Arabella in The Female Quixote most assuredly recognised the consequence of marriage on women, a good example of the anger that bubble below womens forced surface complacency.Domestic idealism could have had little appeal to the un get hitched with woman without prospects or to the intellectual female expected to hide her learning from an easily affronted male ego. Information that domestic responsibilities rated higher than intellectual interests could hardly have pleased the Bluestockings, however well they learned to play the game of self-effacement in a male society. Still, in the beginning and ending years in the time period from 1660 to 1800, female voices of protest were limited in a patriarchal society, and no great chorus joined such soloists as Mary Astell, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and Mary Wollstonecraft .If the companionate marriage undoubtedly brought greater passion to the marital state itself, it did nothing to enlarge the sense and possibility of female sexuality in the general society. In fact, in some ways the marriage of affection demanded new or increased mechanical press on female chastity before and after the wedding. To be sure, the dual criterion in sexual matters willingly acknowledged that men bring sexual knowledge to the marriage bed.With the view of the womans superior morality, her idealisation as a symbol of maternal tenderness, and her embodiment of Christian virtues, however, came a demand for purity, both tangible and mental. Idealisation merely brought the upper-and middle-class woman to a point where she was expected to deny her genuine emotionseither to suppress her passions or, at least, pretends that they did not exist. None of this, of course, applied to women of the lower orders. They were regarded as morally and socially inferior, not in control of t heir passions, and natural game for the male sex-hunter, particularly of the established classes.No better example of the icon standard exists than the marital relationship of Samuel Johnsons friends, the Thrales. Henry Thrale, the brewer, carried on illicit relationships throughout his marriage to Hester Thrale. As a consequence of his behaviour, he suffered repeated venereal ailments, the treatment of which became, in part, his wifes responsibility even during a pregnancy. Still, no one in their society, and even Hester Thrales twentieth-century male biographer, found Henry Thrales conduct appalling. Indeed, like other males in their circle (Boswell, of course, is a good example)Henry Thrale, certainly, have his suffering as a sign of the nobility of his virility. His friends looked upon such manhood, if not the consequence, as admirable. Yet, when her husband died and Mrs. Thrale married Gabriel Piozzi, an Italian musician, she scandalised her circle of friendsincluding the nove list Fanny Burneynot simply because Piozzi was an Italian Catholic and a musician, but because in choosing him despite these drawbacks she had dis contend a passion unbecoming to a woman of her times. She had placed her romantic feelings, her sexual desires, above the common sense expected of the now desexualised respectable woman.In every way society had made women citizens of another country. The double standard allowed men to cheat freely on their wives while demanding impeccable fidelity from them. For upper-class men to foist bastards on lower-class women, including their own household servants, brought uncomplete shame nor embarrassment to them. If they chose to pay for the upkeep of these children, that was evidence of their generosity. If idealisation had made married women beings devoid of normal human emotions, the very laws of their country turned them into chattel, the property of their husbands.Let a woman fall from grace, and it required a miracle or at least a genero us-hearted novelist to rescue her from utter destruction. formerly having yielded to her passions, she was regarded as appropriate victim for all other males in her society. Even at the lower levels of society, the disparity of the sexes is evident, for example, in such a thing as the notorious practice of wife-selling in the period. Despite a recent attempt to apologise for it as a poor mans system of divorce and to show that women oftentimes found satisfaction in it (Thompson, 1991), the fact remains that it was the selling of wives and not husbands that characterised the procedure.Like the very system that excluded women from the public sphere, the terms of more personal relationships take women from intimate relationships with men. Given the circumstances of women in eighteenth century society, it is not remarkable that they cut such poor figures in the novels of the period. One way or another, they were perceived by male writers as stereotypes idealised heroines, fallen figu res, comic and grotesque old maids, bluestockings, sexy servants, and the like. It would require the talents and sensitivity of the most unusual male writeror, indeed, femaleto get beyond the facade and thus create as well-rounded female characters as the believable heroes of eighteenth-century fiction.Very much a part of that male-dominant society of eighteenth-century England, Tobias Smollett could be likely considering women from that limited perspective. Indeed, it would be hard to identify a writer in the period more likely to display an example of the masculine susceptibility. Even more than Henry Fielding, the contemporary novelist that he is most similar to, Smollett wrote novel that has, from his era to the present, appealed largely to male readers. Whether in his personal life, his attitude toward women in the real world, his generic literary interests, or the interrelationships among them, the forces shaping Smolletts novels led naturally to the small roles acted by cari catured women in his writing.Clearly, from whatever stance it has been written, critical opinion has systematically denied Smolletts ability to deal with women and their emotions. Feminist critics find his work insignificant for their purposes, contrast his blindness to female sensitivities with Samuel Richardsons awareness of womens feelings, and charge him with a mis consciousness and respect for the gelid sex. More traditional evaluations of Smolletts treatment, from early on and regardless of the gender of the writers, prove equally dismissive of his talent for dealing with women, their feelings, or their relationships with men.When Smolletts female characters are not being ignored, they are discussed for their eccentricities, their absence of reality, or their evidence of the authors paternalistic attitudes. Their very presence in Smolletts work and their treatment are attributed to the writers need to satisfy public taste rather than to any genuine personal interest in them. Whether as stereotypical idealised heroines or comic grotesques, Smolletts women are perceived only in relation to the roles they serve to satisfy his heroes needs.Certainly, neither Smolletts life nor fiction displays the kind of sensitivity to womens emotions that would permit him to create heroines that go much beyond the idealisation that makes their sexual passions anything more than a convenience to gratify their husbands desires. If he achieves a sense of sympathy for the situation of fallen women in a character like Miss Williams in Roderick Random, her tale and its emotions are largely written to formulaic stereotypes. The distance between the fictional conventions in her story and the more disclosure inset of Memoirs of a Lady of Quality in Peregrine Pickle reveals the contrast between masculine assumptions and genuine feminine sensitivities.Smollett feels most secure in his comic or grotesque female characters because they dependdespite his superior skillson conventiona l stereotypes that protect him from having to go too deeply into their emotions. After all, affectionate awareness toward women should barely be expected from a novelist capable of repeatedly harsh treatment of Jews (with the exception of Joshua in Ferdinand Count Fathom) and of blacks in both Roderick Random and Humphry Clinker. The wonder of it is that Smollettfor all his limitationsmanaged to hold so much diversity in his female characters of all types. That fact suggests the importance of talent and the effects of function in fiction.Smolletts limitations begin with his personal experience. roughly sense of what can be expected in Smolletts female characters, especially his heroines, becomes evident in an inspection of his real relationships and associations with women. Although the much time has passed when simple biographic criticism could be freely used to explain works of literature that does not mean that an authors life is so distinct from his or her writing that biograp hic material cannot contribute to a better understanding of how and why the writers fiction takes the shape that it does. The authors interests, values, and experiences, after all, account for choice in subject matter, methods of presentation, and objects of focus.If, for example, a writer regards women in a particular way, that attitude is expected to influence his or her treatment of female characters. If a writer concentrates on a hero rather than a heroines activities and interests, then it is likely to be the hero who dominates the work while women play minor or subsidiary roles. For Smollett especially, since he depended too much on his own experiences and sought to bring to his fiction a genuine sense of the actual world as he perceived it, the facts of his biography as they have a bun in the oven upon his relationships to women seem appropriate. (Beasley, 1982, pp. 74ff. 82-83)Given Smolletts dependence on experience and his associations with women, it is not astonishing th at he opts for the picaresque mode for his novels, that he emphasizes the adventures of a single male character, and that he utilizes his imagined women chiefly as adjuncts to the interests of his heroes. Smolletts biography, particularly his personal and emotional relationships with women, discloses a strongly male personality, even for an eighteenth-century man that forecasts the manner in which female characters appear in his novels-novels, after all, entitled Roderick Random and Peregrine Pickle rather than Pamela or Clarissa.Judged by what we know of Smolletts relationship with his spouse, he was a man who, if he had romantic passion, managed very well to control any expression of it. At a time when a new order of familial connections had become well established and affection between marital partners was the norm, Smolletts biography and work reflect no real tendency to an open expression of romantic feelings toward Nancy (Anne) Lassells, the West Indian heiress whom he marrie d in about 1743.That very doubt about their wedding date suggests the manner in which Smollett chose to expose his personal feelings to the world. The same vagueness attach the place of their marriage, and Smolletts earliest biographersthose, after all, closest to the evidence and one a good friendcould provide no help on the matter and had to resort to creating fanciful details about it and about Anne herself. Like the idealised heroines of romance, Smolletts wife, as presented by him, seems little more than a fictional construction existing for the role she played in the life of the hero.Smolletts taciturnity about his most intimate relationship with a woman seems to mask what strongly appears to have been a good marriage. No evidence of other womenbefore or during their marriageexists anywhere in Smolletts biography, an absence that perhaps helps account for the lack of any concreteness in his portrayal of the emotional lives of most of his heroines. Certainly Smollett never in dicates any dissatisfaction with their relationship.The one statement in a letter to Robert Barclay in 1744 that enigmatically expresses Smolletts uncertain state at the time may refer, as Lewis Knapp suggests, to Smolletts financial insecurity. Characteristically, Smollett holds back on the details. Smollett himself, years later in his Will, gives an apparent portrait of his considerations of Anne. Although Knapp says of the document, Through the legal terminology of it there burns the flame ofhis true affection for his wife, its formality speaks more to her generosity than to any strong emotion on his part.The novelist who could readily give vent to passions of anger and revenge in both life and fiction could not easily find words to describe the romantic emotions of love. Unlike Henry Mackenzie, his fellow Scots novelist, Smollett could not employ the lexicon of a man of feeling. Even in his Will he can come up with no stronger language than my dear Wife Anne Smollett. When Dr. Giovanni Gentili, after Smolletts death, summarised the life of the Smolletts as one of perfect harmony, he appears to be seeing the relationship through Smolletts own stoical sensibility.That same stoicism did not characterize Anne. The few documents of hers we have reveal not only an intelligent and informed woman but also physically powerful touching association in their union in spite of her husbands incapability forever to find suitable words to explain it. Certainly, for all that is recognized of Smolletts touching eruption of annoyance with others, it seems that he knew clean well not to vent his ill temper in opposition to his spouse, or, at any rate, she knew well as to how to deal with him in a matrimony that provides no proof that he ever mislaid her warmth.Like Smollett, she could explode when circumstances called for it, but unlike him she could find a tender phrase to express her feelings of love and did not falter in doing so. In a letter to Archibald Hamilton in 1 773, she displays a fairly close familiarity with her husbands work and a good understanding of literature. Protective of her husbands reputation, she pushes, ultimately successfully, for a monument to his memory. She enquires that his volumes be transferred to her. She bemoans how much that Dear Man Suffered while he wrote Humphry Clinker during his terminal illness and how miss-used he was by his publisher.For her he was my dear Smollett, and, as their friend Robert Graham wrote in a prologue to a play for her benefit, she was capable of weeping for the loss of Smollet sic who once was mine still once does Smollett himself provide a picture of their blissful marriage. In an undated fragment of a letter, he writes Many a time do I stop my task and betake me to a game of romps with Betty Elizabeth, his daughter), while my wife looks on smiling and longing in her heart to join in the sport then back to the cursed round of duty. The round of duty is Smolletts, not Annes, and she rema ins, like women of her time, an appendage to her husband.In Smolletts letters, poetry, and Travels Through France and Italy, the same picture emerges. Perhaps it is unfair to use his letters as evidence. Smolletts routine was too hectic to apprehend himself with writing letters, and generally they are perfunctory and business-like, hardly the place to expect much emotional expression, let alone romantic effusions. If any were ever written to Anne herself, they no longer exist. References to her are few regards to a family member and friends, a comment about selling part of her estate, the puzzling remark to Barclay perhaps about his trepidations about marriage, and a comment on her health.In a letter to Richard Smith, an American admirer, in 1763, however, Smollett summarizes his life and describes his marriage. To be sure, it would be remarkable if Smollett displayed his emotions in a letter to a stranger. Nevertheless, his comment illustrates again his characteristic coldness in h is references to Anne I married, very young, Jamaican, a young Lady famous and respected across the world, under the name of Miss Nancy Lassells and by her I enjoy a reposeful though modest area in that Island.The coldness of Smolletts language and what he chooses to say are a remarkable foreshadowing of the descriptive terms in his Will. Even in a letter to his friend Alexander Reid after the Smolletts had lost their only child, Smollett, while speaking of his grief in a half a sentence, ignores altogether the impact on Anne and only later speaks of his wife as enjoying pretty good Health.Not even in poetry apparently concentrated on Anne does Smollett manage to convey romantic emotion. His novels show him to be passionateabout injustice, personal grievance, stupidity, and the like. In the poem Tears of Scotland on the outrageous treatment of the Scots after the Battle of Culloden, he does not hold back on his feelings, and in Ode to Leven-Water in Humphry Clinker he explode for ward into over-romantic reminiscence. And yet neither A Declaration in Love Ode to Blue-Eyd Ann nor his Pastoral Ballad (both published in his British Magazine in 1760) rises above the variety of part conservative in his era or proffers everything close to profound feeling. The ode, probably a relic of his courtship, seems rescued from a pile of old papers to serve as filler in his new magazine.The ballad, a stock part, has no value save for the detail that it is almost certainly Smolletts. Neither has the strength or passion that suggests genuine emotion. Nor was it likely that Smolletts poems would be open declarations of his deepest romantic feelings. When Lord George Lyttelton published his openly sentimental monody on the death of his wife, Smollett responded with a savage farce comedy in Peregrine Pickle.Smollett was no Lyttelton, nor was he like the later Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who cast the inscribed poems into the grave of his wife, Elizabeth Siddall. If Roderick Randoms t wo poems to the heroine of his novel (225-27) or the poet Melopoyns, in which Roderick substitutes her name for the characters, were godly by Smolletts feelings for Anne (and the novel was, after all, written only a few years after their marriage), it would be a sign of his sentiments, romantic feelings that he otherwise managed to keep well hidden.For Smollett, womeneven the woman to whom he was closestwere attendant upon men just as the heroines of his novels served to fill out mens stories and adventures. They were observed, when they were observed, from the outside. Consider the character that Anne has in Travels Through France and Italy. Although she was present throughout the journey, she seems barely to exist.According to Knapp, the references to Anne in the Travels signified that the author was affectionately dedicated to his Ann. In a paternalistic way that is factual, but it is even more to the note to point that the minute part that she participates in the work hands out the reasons of the performer, the male explorer who is the focal point of the books concentration.Smolletts strong masculine sensibility so evident in his marital relationship was bound to affect his treatment of female characters in his novels. That same sensibility apparently influenced his relationship with women in the society outside his home, and that, too, would help account for his fictional approach to members of the other sex, especially limiting his ability to go below the surface of his female characters to erupt their emotions and to understand their sensibilities. No other major male writer in the period seems so restricted in his association with women, particularly in social situations.ReferencesBeasley, Jerry C. (1982) Novels of the 1740s Athens University of Georgia Press, pp. 74ff. 82-83Burney, Frances. (1970) Evelina or, a Young Ladys Entrance into the World, ed. Edward A. Bloom. London Oxford University Press 7, 9.Colley, Linda (1992), Britons Forging the Nati on 1707-1837, New Haven and London Yale University Press, p. 252Hagstrum, Jean H. (1980), perk up and Sensibility Ideal and Erotic Love from Milton to Mozart, Chicago and London University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-2.LeGates, Marlene (Fall 1976) The Cult of Womanhood in Eighteenth-Century Thought, Eighteenth-Century Studies 10 21Perry, Ruth (Feb. 1992) Colonizing the Breast sex activity and Maternity in Eighteenth Century England, Eighteenth-Century Life 16, n.s. 1 190.Rogers, Katharine M. 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