A Devoted Son Ending Rewrite

Ending Rewrite of the Devoted Son September 29th, 2012 â€Å"Papa, I have brought you a new tonic to help you feel better. You must take it; it will make you feel stronger again. Here it is. Promise you will take it regularly, Papa. † Varma’s mouth worked as hard as though he still had a gob of betel in it (his supply of betel had been cut off years ago). Then he spat out some words, as soft and sweet as roses, into his sons face. â€Å"If it will make me feel stronger, and better than for you I will my son† The Great doctor looked at his father with such relief in his eyes, finally he will try and get better with my help.He kissed his father on the forehead and then left into the house, with his wife, still waiting at the door with a cup of tea. The next morning Rakesh got up and brought his dad his morning tea, not in just any cup, but in the old man’s favorite brass tumbler. As Rakesh arrived to his father he did not look so well, so pale in the face, s o much fear in him. Rakesh put the pillows behind his father’s back so he could sit up. â€Å"Papa, how are you feeling today, you don’t look so swellâ€Å" he said with sadness in his voice. In silence, Varma took the cup of tea from his son and took a sip.He then removed the pillows from behind him so he was lying flat again, closed his eyes, and peacefully fell back to sleep. Rakesh sat there in silence knowing that it wasn’t long before his old man will pass on, from now it will only be a matter of days or even hours. Rakesh went about his day and went to work. Veena, Papa’s daughter-in law, fixed up some lunch for the old man, nothing special since Rakesh has order he had nothing fried, no butter, no oil. Veena came into the room with the stainless steel tray of food, some dry bread, boiled lentils, boiled vegetables, and some plane old boiled fish.His daughter-in law put the tray on his lap turned around, and slipped silently out of the room with a little smirk that only the old man saw, and hated. Not long after Veena was down in the kitchen when she heard this scream of pain come from Varmas room stunned and scared, she dropped the glass on the wooden floor, crashing down with such an obnoxious noise. She raced upstairs to his bedroom, to find the old man lying stretched out on his bed, scared Veena went over to the side of the bed, only to come to the old man sitting up and once again spitting out red spittle on her.So she thought it was. Veena yelled at him this is nonsense, you can’t keep spitting at me like that! But as she looked longer at old Papa she noticed it wasn’t spittle, it was blood. Papa was choking on his blood, having feeling so sorrowful that she was yelling him, Veena was panicking now, and she didn’t know what to do. She quickly picked up the phone to call Rakesh. She went to the old man trying to stop him from chocking but she couldn’t, it was to late the old man suddenly ju st fell over in bed. He was gone, Veena sat there beside the bed crying, and sobbing.When Rakesh finally arrived home Veena met him at the door, with tears in her eyes, she looked up at him and Rakesh knew his father had passed. â€Å"No†¦ No†¦ No†¦ â€Å" Rakesh yelled. `This can’t be happening! â€Å" He raced upstairs to his father, crying he was, he took his father’s hand and said I’m sorry papa, I shouldn’t have given you that tonicâ€Å". The next morning the ceremony for the old man was held, friends, family all gathered around, celebrating Varmas life. Rakesh got up went to the end of his father’s casket and bowed to his feet, just one last time.

American Spice Trade Association

The American Spice Trade Association is the central element of the spice industry in the United States, promoting its interests and working to expand the American presence in the international spice markets. â€Å"The American Spice Trade Association’s members manufacture and market the majority of spices sold in the Unites States at retail and to food processors† . Since the days of its foundation and until present, the American Spice Trade Association has played an increasing role in the American spice industry evolution, changing the industry’s legislative basis and offering spice manufacturers additional opportunities for business growth.Currently, the Association is actively involved into the process of developing close relations with the government and with other spice companies internationally. The Association is the central element of successful relations between its members and those who are closely related to spice industry in the United States. History At the end of the first decade of the 20th century, federal authorities have come to realizing the need for better legislative restrictions in the area of food and drug manufacturing.Spice manufacturers were facing a serious challenge: they had to protect their business interests and to align them with the growing need for better sanitary conditions in food manufacturing. On August 7, 1907, the rooms of the Underwriters’ Club in Chicago witnessed the formation of a completely new kind of trade association, which was later called the American Spice Trade Association.The new trade association had to be headquartered in New York and to perform under New York State Law; by the end of the 1930s the association has turned into organization well known for its arbitration fights and for its persistent striving to revive spice industry that was severely impacted by the Great Depression. â€Å"The American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) has played an important role in the evolution o f the U. S. spice industry for more than 50 years.For example, in 1969, the Association adopted its first Cleanliness Specifications for Unprocessed Spices, Seeds and Herbs. † The role of the Association was increasingly important after the tragic events in Chernobyl: the major portion of spice crops in Eastern Europe was contaminated with radioactive materials. Currently, the Association looks far into the future, being deeply engaged into resolving regulatory and legislative issues that negatively impact the quality of business relations in spice industry. Mission and strategic planThe official website of the American Spice Trade Association states that â€Å"ASTA, the voice of the U. S. spice industry, works to ensure clean, safe spice and address public policy on behalf of the global industry†. In this context, the Association pursues the three strategic objectives: to ensure clean and safe spice through education and standards; to become a well-known and credible a uthority, which can positively impact the spice industry; and to facilitate international relations, which could further benefit spice industry worldwide.ASTA is constantly involved into developing and implementing a whole set of legislative procedures that would facilitate and improve the quality of business performance in spice industry in the United States and worldwide. Membership Currently, the Association includes 175 member companies, which grow, dehydrate, or process spices. All Association members are integrally linked to the spice industry in the United States; that means that all Association members are either based in the U. S. , or grow their spice crops in the U. S. , or supply U. S. companies with spices.The Association offers active membership opportunities to the companies, which are involved into â€Å"growing, importation, exportation, processing, blending, trading, distribution, or sale at wholesale or retail of spices or seasonings†. Brokers, agents, impo rters, traders, growers, and distributors can participate in ASTA on equal terms. Legislative activity and relations with government The Cleanliness Specifications for Unprocessed Spices, Seeds, and Herbs have become the first step toward lobbying the interests of spice manufacturers at the federal level.Cleanliness Specifications were aimed at improving analytical and sampling procedures used by spice manufacturers in the U. S. In 2003 the Association along with other six trade associations filed a petition to the Federal Food and Drug Administration, requesting to conduct â€Å"a notice-and-comment rulemaking in order to implement the marking provision of the Bioterrorism Act†. In other words, American trade associations were striving to clarify the issues of foods and spices denied permission to entry the U. S. territory.Neither of the trade organizations in the U. S. had a clear definition nor understanding of the way the restricted goods had to be marked. The Association asserted that â€Å"the marking provision was not self-effectuating; the most significant substantive gap in the marking provision is that it did not specify the circumstances under which a mark would be required†. As a result of those group activities, the FDA had to reconsider previous marking criteria and to provide Trade associations with marking requirements in substantive and definitive language.The American Spice Trade Association lobbying and the new Administration The 100 years of the Association’s development and performance have proved the relevance of two-side communication between ASTA and the government. The American Spice Trade Association is actively lobbying its interests to guarantee the achievement of the three strategic objectives by 2010. The year 2008 was marked with the Association’s striving to maintain appropriate legislative balance and to communicate its positions on food safety in Presidential administration and Congress.The Associat ion has succeeded in forming stable alliances with the FDA; the legislative provisions limiting spice imports and requiring spice manufacturers to pay for import registration in the U. S. were reconsidered at the federal level. The Association has acquired its own seat at the table where issues relating to spice industry are being discussed. ASTA is asked to provide objective feedback on the major changes and legislative acts that may potentially change the balance of forces in the spice market.â€Å"As a result of solid relationships, ASTA was able to get the FDA Food â€Å"Czar† and a Member of Congress to speak at the 2008 Legislative / Regulatory Workshop. † The Association uses its monthly newsletter and the official website as the source and the instrument of delivering critical information to major spice manufacturers; the Government Relations Committee has become the integral element of the association’s organizational structure. The Committee represents strategic interests of ASTA in federal agencies and Congress.The Association constantly monitors legislative and regulatory changes that may potentially threaten the stability of business performance in the American spice industry. Conclusion The American Spice Trade Association is the central institution protecting the rights of spice manufacturers and importers in the United States. The Association is actively involved into developing positive and mutually beneficial relationships with government and other legislative bodies, and works to promote spice manufacturers’ interests in the U. S. markets.ASTA is known for its legislative activity; the Association currently includes 175 members, and promotes the importance of clean and safe spices through education and standards. ASTA has become the indispensable element of the American and international spice trade; throughout its long history, the Association has proved its decisions and legislative steps to be of utmost importa nce for the whole spice industry in the United States. BIBLIOGRAPHY ASTA, 100 years of industry leadership, 2008, retrieved 18 November 2008, http://www. astaspice. org/i4a/pages/index. cfm?pageid=3291 ASTA, About ASTA, 2008, retrieved 18 November 2008, http://www. astaspice. org/i4a/pages/index. cfm? pageid=3281 ASTA, Government relations, 2008, retrieved 18 November 2008, http://www. astaspice. org/i4a/pages/index. cfm? pageid=3284 ERS, U. S. spice consumption by sector, 2003, retrieved 18 November 2008, http://www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aib709/aib709d. pdf FDA, Citizen petition, 2003, retrieved 18 November 2008, http://www. fda. gov/ohrms/DOCKETS/dailys/03/Feb03/022703/03p-0078-cp00001-vol1. pdf HARRIS, M, ‘Spice it up’, E, 12 May 2001, pp. 8.

Speaking the Truth Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speaking the Truth - Coursework Example The piloting committee, of which I was a member, was made of ten people. The launch of marketing the mass market product was undertaken at what I felt was the wrong time when schools were re-opening. I believed that people would be more focused on meeting schooling obligations and pay little attention to the product. Unfortunately, I was the only one in the team who saw the reality of the argument. The consequences were undesirable. The chairman brushed off my arguments with hurtful sentiments therefore moving on to launch the product. Doubling as my manager, the chairman consequently treated me as an enemy fighting against him to a point where I could not bear anymore and resigned from the work. Despite Czech and Forward (2013) advocating for honesty in communicating to our superiors, I would not do it again. My teacher once told me the hard truth. He told me that even though I read so many books alone, I was not guaranteed to top the class in my exams. I needed to discuss with my peers so as to get different perspectives and assistance for difficult problems. Since then, I treasure group discussions to supplement my reading. I unwillingly bore the consequences of hitting my younger sibling when he accidentally poured tea on my book. My younger brother came to my study room with a cup of tea and insisted on seeing what I was writing while I denied him his demands. The subsequent scuffle saw him accidentally pour the tea that he was carrying on my book. I got angry and hit him. My mother responded to his cries and could not understand why I would hit my younger brother for a mistake he did not do intentionally. I was asked to apologize to my brother and clean the mess which I unwillingly did because I believed my brother was on the wrong. Last holiday, I owned up to my failure as the captain of our soccer team. Whereas our opponents spent considerable time practicing, I never

Darwin Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Darwin Assignment - Essay Example Evolution is more an educated guess work where we try to find evidences and answers for questions that are related to what could have taken place. The drawback in the evolutionary theories is that it is not able to provide the evidence of how the organisms were formed or how the different species came into being. Scientists till date find it impossible to generate the amino acids which make up the proteins needed in the cells to be formed. Even if a certain theory comes close it falls short in relation to the time period. There are plenty of flaws in evolutionary theories which does not answer or give a solution in entirety. Moreover it has been proved that the entire system must be there for making a start. This has been very clearly explained in Michael Behe’s book Darwin’s Black Box, where he with examples he proves that just one cell cannot reproduce without the components that are required for its growth. When all these interpreted theories are studied it seems absurd. The only answer that settles all debates is a Creator. Schools must encourage the students to analyze on their own and do some critical thinking by providing information for and against evolution. This would certainly encourage both teachers and students to collect, analyze and interpret data. This would make them understand better that science is still in the process of finding an answer to evolution. Putting forward every aspect can in fact be a better option in helping the children come to their own conclusion. Education is to stimulate mental growth and not force down thoughts. This open minded approach would be the intelligent design which zeroes in on a creator of an intelligent nature. â€Å"The intelligent design (ID) movement claims that life as we know it could not have developed through random natural processes -- which only the guidance of an intelligent power can explain

Gram Positive and gram Negative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gram Positive and gram Negative - Essay Example s thick peptidoglycan layer it displays Gm +ve differential staining and if the microorganism possess thin or single layer of peptidoglycan then it takes up the counter stain Safranin of the Gram reaction. Thus, G +ve organisms display purple staining whereas the G –ve organisms take up the counter stain and display pink staining. Counter stain Safranin is added to the reaction after washing the Gram stain with alcohol. This step is most imperative as Gram positive organisms possessing thick peptidoglycan retains the stain while Gram negative organisms possessing thin peptidoglycan cell wall becomes colorless and therefore takes up the counter stain when stained with Safranin. It is therefore this staining procedure aids as a diagnostic device in medical as well as research pursuits. Staining also helps in identifying the morphology of the microbial population (Korolik, 2008). It is a Gram-negative rod. The bacteria does not possess flagella and therefore not motile bacteria. It possess capsule and therefore it is encapsulated. Klebsiella is known to be lactose fermenting organism (Ryan, 2004). It is present as the natural microflora on the epidermal layers especially skin and oral cavity. It is also present in the intestine. It is also present in soil and around 30% of the species fix nitrogen under anaerobic conditions (Postgate, 1998). Klebsiella is becoming the topic of research as it is emerging as an impetrative pathogen in nosocomial infections. Klebsiella possess two different kinds of antigens one on its cell wall and other on its capsule. The O antigen is present as a cell wall component on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and possess 9 different kinds. The capsular antigen is known as K antigen and possess as many as 80 different kinds. These antigens are responsible for the virulence of the organism (Podschun, 1998). These virulence factors are responsible for disease called pneumonia. Pneumonia is the disease of lungs and results in inflammation

The Handmaid's Tale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Handmaid's Tale - Essay Example Offred is placed to serve under the commander and Serena. The age of infertility has reduced Gilead to offer the provision of demeaning women freedom. Offred serves as the example of the limited freedom presented within the society as the chores that she has been assigned with to complete present restriction within the society. Women are restricted and offered the challenge of progressing within the society as the captives converted into Handmaids. Offred had been declined to a demeaning routine that saw the creation of limited opportunity for the progress of women in a disruptive community. However, Atwood includes a solution in the rebellion Mayday that the Handmaid Ofglen belongs to, and the organization plots to overthrow Gilead to restore freedom to the society. The events within the tale suggest the achievement of redemption in the rebellious group and the quest to seek lost love that has been within the previous regime. Through the character selection with the main character O ffred, Atwood combines bold language and reference to develop a dystopian society within Gilead. Offred, as the leading character, directs the reader to discover a changed society from the traditional U.S. that presents freedom ad free ideology. This mechanism is achieved through the application of flashback that explains the affair that she has had with her lover in Luke. The society presented had offered minimal opportunity for advances, and she failed to find the similar affection as in the previous regime. Atwood writes, â€Å"What I feel towards them is blankness. What I feel is that I must not feel. What I feel is partly relief, because none of these men is Luke. Luke wasn't a doctor. Isn't,† (Atwood 33). Offred explains that she has lost a remarkable past that promised better lifestyle and resolution to her miserable progress. The events that had led to the loss of her lover and daughter did not impair her judgment to recognize her achievement. Atwood’s vibrant reference to the moral decay within the society serves as the lesson to highlight the use of humanity as tools to impress a tyrannical regime. She explained the role created in the Handmaid that represented the immorality within Gilead. Offred had been used as the tool of the Commander, and served to sexually satisfy the family and conceive children. This is presented in her position as the Handmaid to the house, and she struggled with the lifestyle that had been established. The Republic of Gilead is depicted as the environment that harbored injustice and tolerated moral degradation in demeaning the role of the woman. Atwood recognizes this provision through bold imagery and reference to sexual situations that the Handmaids has been subjected to tolerate. Atwood explains that sex is applied as a tool to progress and has lost its meaning in the Gilead society. â€Å"I'm not talking about sex, he says. That was part of it, the sex was too easy,† (Atwood 210). The phrase is app lied to explain that sex has lost its true meaning and is used by the dictators as a means of pleasure with women serving as objects to be manipulated. The role is referred to the Handmaids that were considered servants after being enslaved. Atwood develops the role of the Handmaids who were trained under Aunt Lydia, but issues the recognition of the weakness of the male character due to love. Aunt Lydia serves as the character that shaped the recognition o

Managing Personal and Organisational Changes Essay - 1

Managing Personal and Organisational Changes - Essay Example As a consequence, higher education institutions are today pressurised to follow an unconventional way of pedagogy approach and compete at the international level, as the desire and intention of the students to gain a global career opportunity increases in the 21st century societal context. This in turn has substantially increased the competition level faced by higher education institutions; whereby, political bodies have also been taking requisite measures in this particular sector to augment the level of competition (Coughlan, 2013). Therefore, adoption of change, under such circumstances, becomes quite crucial for higher education institutions around the world. ... Based on the findings, inferences have been drawn along with specific recommendations to the steps that university leaders can take while applying the change. A Critical Analysis and Evaluation on the Nature of the Changes, Difficulties and Opportunities Facing the Higher Education Institutions Using Relevant Organisational Change Management Models and Theories In the 21st century context, managing organisational change is accounted as a common challenge faced by industry leaders. As by Waddell & Sohal (1998), organisational change management is considered as a major challenge in 21st century organisational management, fundamentally owing to the functioning of two pivotal factors; one is the involvement of multiple change driving forces and the other is the influenced caused by retraining factors. In agreement to this notion of change management, By (2005) and McMurray & et. al. (2010) had argued that resistance to change is a common phenomenon that causes massive hindrances in apply ing change management strategies. This particular change management theory can be well assessed applying the Lewin’s Force Field Analysis model in the context of higher education sector. According to this model, change can be managed efficiently with the accurate identification of ‘driving forces’ and ‘restraining forces’. While the driving forces implies those factors that influence and causes change in the organisational context, restraining forces tend to work as an obstruction or barrier to change enforcement (Hunt & et. al., 2006). When applying the Lewin’s Force Field Analysis model in the higher education sector, the driving forces can be identified in terms of job market alterations, business context changes, political changes and other societal changes that have

Word-of-Mouth to Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Word-of-Mouth to Marketing - Essay Example Today word-of-mouth marketing includes several categories of communication such as buzz, blogs, and viral marketing where Internet communities and other interactive social media are utilised for word-of-mouth marketing. Influencer marketing is another form of word-of-mouth marketing wherein personalities who are believed to be highly influential over the target audience are made use of for promotion of products and services. Word-of-mouth marketing has gained a great deal of importance as a marketing technique due to its effectiveness, which in turn is due to its credibility. This is because word-of-mouth communication is considered to be honest and without any selfish motive. This credibility is what is made use of by marketers who use the technique of the word of mouth. People usually ask other people like their friends, family, colleagues and others, whom they trust, when they decide to purchase something and before they begin to look for what brand or label to buy. Word-of-mouth marketing is actually "giving people a reason to talk about your stuff, and making it easier for that conversation to take place" (Sernovitz, 2006, p.3). As simply put by Sernovitz (2006, p.3), "it is everything you can do to get people talking." People are more often than not buying a product not in response to the marketing campaigns of the product, but in response to what other people may be talking about the product. Research shows that people gather information from marketing materials and then talk the products over with their friends, family or other close associates. Then they make a decision about buying the product in response to what others say about the product (Silverman, 2001, p.6). Hence marketers have realized that the best way to increase sales of their products is by getting the customers to sell them. Word-of-mouth communication is now the focal point of marketing and the most effective method for sales promotion. Another factor that increases the significance of the word of mouth is that we are now in the information age where we are overwhelmed with more information than we can handle. This, in addition to busy schedules, leaves no time for extensive research, investigation and deliberation. Hence traditional advertising is on the decline and the word of mouth has become a necessary time saver (Silverman, 2001, p.10). Impact of the word of mouth in marketing There are several factors that render the word of mouth very powerful and effective. The most significant factor is that the word-of-mouth communication can be very influential and can persuade a prospective buyer to buy a product. Another factor is that the word of mouth communication is based on personal experience and therefore the possibility of expected result is very high. The independent nature of the word-of-mouth communication makes it more credible. Besides, while word-of-mouth communication is custom-made, relevant and complete, it is self-generating and self-breeding, growing exponentially and sometimes explosively (Silverman, 2001, p.37). It has unlimited speed and scope, and is "very inexpensive to stimulate, amplify and sustain" (Silverman, 2001, p.37). Word-of-mouth co

Coping Strategies for Drought in Developing Countries Essay

Coping Strategies for Drought in Developing Countries - Essay Example These strategies include;- According to Bhattacharyya, (2004, p.5), market-assisted selection has been successfully used in terms of agriculture for several years. By involvingselection of a trait that measured with accuracy to establish a linkage with certain specific molecular markers and choosing the kind of specific markers required for use in genotyping, the perfect type of crop is produced. Studies have shown that timing of drought has a significant effect on the yield and rain fed conditions in semi-arid tropic areas. Moreover, Bhattacharyya, (2004, p.5) noted that, division of drought in regard to time (flowering, pre-flowering and terminal drought), including its effects on the yield of components, highlights complexity of breeding in crops that are crop resistance. Plant technology has a good track-record of providing farmers with benefits in developing countries. In reference to Leary (2008, p.154), even though most current genetically modified crops are developed by private in most industrialized countries, 90% of the farmers who use them are actually in the developing countries.Genetically modified crops have increased tolerance to abiotic strains, where genes that are responsible for the osmotic adjustment have been successfully introduced to sorghum especially in India. Similar work has also been initiated on green gram and black gram (Merriman (1993, p.106).the process of genetic mutation is like in the following diagram: Another option of introducing drought tolerance is the use of tissue culture and wide crossing methods, for example cross roughing the tolerant pearl millet crop with another high yielding species of a cereal crop with an aim of creating new drought tolerant and high-yielding hybrid species.According to studies conducted by (Jamal2007, p.24), there has been a major success in a similar strategy that involves creating a new rye/wheat hybrid species of triticale.Mutation breeding is

Reflective account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Reflective account - Essay Example Moreover, I shall discuss things that surprised me the most, and how I would feel if I was employed in these companies or made a customer of them. The first thing that I learnt was that growth of a business depends to much an extent, upon the dedication of the personnel that make part of it. In 1998, Pendennis decided to improve the competence of the first ten of their apprentices by providing them with on-job training. Their efforts proved to be fruitful later in several ways. The company benefited from the enhanced skills of laborers as the quality of their service improved manifolds. The quality of their training can be estimated from the fact that they were awarded the title of Best Large Company Apprenticeship in 2008. This news was the most exciting and surprising for me. Their popularity increased as a result of their hard work and they earned more and more clients with the passage of time. The fact that Pendennis provides its employees with training is the biggest reason why I approve of becoming a part of it because I think that on-job training not only increases the skill of employees, but they also feel more competent and feel proud of their association with the company. This in turn, improves their performance and they enjoy work. Mr. Toby Allies has been leading the company for a lot of time. The voluminous body of customers that Pendennis has conventionally maintained can be attributed to the excellent leadership and public dealing skills of Mr. Toby Allies. He studies the needs of customers and values them a lot. The five sectors that work under the department of sales and marketing take very serious notice of the comments left by the customers. As their comments and requests are entertained, customers feel valued and honored, which in turn, develops their long term relationship with the company. Staff at Pendennis is very cooperative with the customers. Much of the creativity and innovation that Pendennis displays comes from the suggestions of t he customers. On the other hand, A & P is no less than Pendennis in taking care of the professional needs of its employees. The specialty of A & P is that a vast majority of people who once get hired in it build their whole career in it, and keep serving in this company until the end of their professional practice. I came across many people who have been working in A & P for over 30 years. This speaks of the great care A & P offers to its people that make part of its workforce. Obviously, the people who have worked in it for so long must have found working in it worth the whole work life. The organizational culture of A & P is conducive for better performance of the employees. Employees feel like at home while at work. There is frequent communication and interaction among the employees, and they all feel like members of the same family. In addition to employees’ health, their safety is also equally ensured in the business practices of A & P. Their regulations of health and sa fety are quite well laid out and they are strictly implemented in the organization. The employees are sufficiently equipped with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). They feel safe at work, and hence, display extreme productivity because of that. In A & P, it is ensured that all areas are adequately marked for safety concerns. The company significantly complies with the

Environment degradation Essay Example for Free

Environment degradation Essay This is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources for instance water, soil and even air. In environmental degradation, the ecosystem is destroyed and wildlife undergoes extinction. There are many forms of environmental degradation that are of negative impact to agriculture. For instance, when habitats are destroyed, biodiversity is lost and natural resources are depleted. The environment is most affected as organisms which give it life are no more (Schertenleib, Forster Belevi, n. d). The earthworms that enrich soil fertility are killed by soil pollution. This means that if earthworms are all eliminated, the soil will not be fertile. The degradation of the environment can occur naturally, or through human processes which includes different kinds of pollution. Areas of concern in the same concept are loss of rain forests, air pollutions and the ozone depletion. The marine environment is also affected. These kinds of pollutions are known to occur all over the world and the blame is on the people themselves for the activities they carry out. This has poisoned the planet’s oceans and even the remote areas. Major disasters like oil spills have ruined the local environment. All these hazards can be curbed by individuals by stopping the constant pollution of the environment. To some extents, different organizations have been formed to help rehabilitate locations that have been affected. One way to do this is urban agriculture. With urban agriculture, the environment can be conserved since the wastes from industries can be converted to be fertilizers in the farms around the cities. Statistical facts It is estimated that 50% of the world’s populations live in cities (UNFPA, 2007). In the cities, most populations settle there for various reasons such as studies and seeking for employment. As economic pressures mount, the urban population engages in urban agriculture as labor is available with large population in urban centers. The growing of crops and rearing of animals in the urban areas has become common. About 800 million people are involved in urban agriculture world wide and this has contributed to the feeding urban residents (Schertenleib, Forster Belevi, n. d). It is definite that with food production or rather the general production of farm outputs, the city residents can get a plenty supply of food in their respective areas of residence. With large populations in the cities and with plenty food products from urban agriculture, there will not be any instance of food deficiency. Urban residents with low income spend between 40 percent and 60 percent of their income on food every year (RUAF, n. d). The only remedy to this is that these low income residents can start practicing urban agriculture to supplement the expenditures on food. If they participate in urban agriculture, they will be able to save up to 60% of their incomes at the end of each year (Neondo, 2003). The money they would have spent on buying food can be saved and used to develop other areas of the economy. This means a lot of to the growth of the economy of the particular country. It is expected that by 2015, about 26 cities in the world will have a population of 10 million or even more (FAO, n. d). To be able to manage these populations, countries are obliged to concentrate in urban agriculture because they have little choices left. It is therefore encouraged for urban dwellers to practice heavily on urban agriculture, with an objective of keeping the country away from food shortage come 2015(FAO, n. d). 2. The spectrum of urban agriculture and the function of relevant organizations Urban agriculture has some aspects that distinguish it from rural agriculture. One of them is the fact that it is integrated into the urban economic and ecological system. It is evident that urban agriculture is embedded in the urban ecosystem of which it interacts with. Such linkages involve using urban residents as laborers and the use of typical urban resources for instance organic waste as compost and urban waste water for irrigation. In urban agriculture, there is a direct link with urban consumers and direct positive and negative impacts on urban ecology (Amin, 2002). Urban agriculture is also characterized by being part of the urban food system and competing for urban land with other urban functions. It is also influenced by other urban policies and plans. Some of the organizations that influence urban agriculture both directly and indirectly are Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC), Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA), and the Resource Centers on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF Foundation)

The Code Of Hammurabi History Essay

The Code Of Hammurabi History Essay Almost 4,000 years ago, King Hammurabi ruled the kingdom of Babylon, a part of Mesopotamia. He gave the world one of its oldest sets of laws. Archaeologists found the Code (collection of laws) of Hammuraabi carved on a black stone slab. An eye for an eye was the rule of the day. People who hurt others could expect the same fate or worse. The code also dealt with business and civilization issues. An example of Hammurabis code: If a builder builds a house for someone and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death. The collection of rules was compiled toward the end of the forty-three year reign of Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.), sixth ruler of the First Dynasty of Babylon, the king who directed the great political expansion of the empire and organized a complex and sophisticated government and military bureaucracy to administer it. He defeated powerful rival kingdoms and extended his political and diplomatic influence throughout the ancient Near East. The code of Hammurabi is the longest and best organized of the law collections from Mesopotamia. It draws on the traditions of earlier law collections and doubtless influenced those that came later. The composition consists of a lengthy prologue, between 275 and 300 law provisions, and an epilogue. The prologue stresses the gods appointment of Hammurabi as ruler of his people, his role as guardian and protector of the weak and powerless, and his care and attention to the cultic needs of the patron deities of the many cities incorporated into his realm. The laws of this composition, inscribed on imposing black stone stelas, stand as evidence of Hammurabis worthiness to rule. The complex first provision of the Laws of Hammurabi (LH) involve homicide and serve to establish immediately the states right to impose the death penalty on a subject: LH 1 If a man accuses another man and charges him with homicide but then cannot bring proof against him, his accuser shall be killed. In formulating LH 1 in this manner, a number of pieces of information about the legal system are revealed: that a private individual (and not necessarily only an official body or officer) may bring charges against another person; that such charges must be substantiated in some way; and that a false accuser suffers the penalty he sought for his intended victim. The epilogue emphasizes the king as military leader who brings peace to his subjects. It explicitly states that these laws were inscribed on a stela and publicly displayed in order to testify to Hammurabis righteous and just rule, to bring consolation to anyone seeking justice, and to serve as an example for future rulers. It seeks blessings for Hammurabi from his successors and the beneficiaries of his legacy; it blesses them if they treat his Stella and laws with respect; and it brings down the terrible curses of the great gods against any who would violate the path Hammurabi opened or who would mutilate or desecrate his monument. The LH is known from numerous manuscripts, copied and recopied over the centuries in the scribal centers of Mesopotamia. The most complete and famous exemplar is the black stone stela, now housed in the Musee du Louvre, Paris, excavated in 1901-1902 by archaeological teams working in the ancient Elamite capital Susa. The stela, one of several that were erected in Babylonian cities, was taken as booty to Susa in the twelfth century B.C.E. by the Elamite ruler Shutruk-Nahhunte I, probably from Sippar, from which he also plundered monuments of other Mesopotamian rulers. The Louvre stela, which forms the basis of every edition of the Laws, is a pillar of diorite almost seven and a half feet tall. On the top, covering almost one-third of the stela, is an imposing scene of the sun-god Shamash, god of justice, seated on his throne, and standing before him the king Hammurabi. The precise interpretation of this scene-that the god is dictating the laws to the king, or that the king is offering the laws to the god, or that the king is accepting the rod and ring that are the emblems of temple-building and sovereignty-is debated, but the iconographic message it communicated to even the illiterate must have been clear: King Hammurabi and the god of justice Shamash together protect the people of Babylonia. The physically imposing Louvre stela, like other monumental inscriptions of its time, is inscribed in an archaic ductus and in the direction employed earlier, before the script was turned ninety degrees counterclockwise; the visual impact of the script and the orientation, along with the archaizing, literary language used in the prologue and epilogue that frame the collection of rules, magnify the authority of the composition. The columns of the text inscribed on the stela are written in bands across the front and then the back of the circumference, beginning immediately below the throne of the god Shamash; the prologue and epilogue each occupy about five columns, and the series of legal provisions occupies about forty-one columns. The changes during Old Babylonian period involved agriculture and landscapes, relevant old Babylonian records, socio-economic trends, local notables and officials and also notable women. The Tigris and Euphrates continued to be, the most actively shaping forces in ongoing, incessant processes of landscape formation and alteration. During late spring, floods, course avulsions were common through breaches in the river banks. Canal construction, whether for irrigation or for boat and barge bulk transport, has always been a significant contributing factor. Shifting overall pattern of canalized water withdrawals also contribute to second-order instabilities far downstream of particular instances of human intervention. Maps illustrating current, still evolving understandings of Tigris-Euphrates courses for the upper alluvium in Ur III Old Babylonian times can be found for the northern alluvium. At around the end of Ur III, there is good evidence of major westward movements of some Euphrat es courses, and also of apparently substantial reductions in the ancient Idigna branch of the Tigris. The extension of much of the entire field of communications from state-controlled circles to wider, more heterogeneous, unofficial and private ones introduces the issue of agency. The agency probably does also induces a less narrowly focused interest in the products of routinized bureaucracy and opens the way to pursue ancient life-histories and to map their interactions systematically. Several major socioeconomic features characterize the Old Babylonian period. The first and most ominous, mainly in the northern alluvium, was the onset of a growing impoverishment of the general population of agriculturalists. Land was at first widely for sale there, but as disparities grew a stratum of relatively wealthy creditors made its appearance. As holdings became even more concentrated in the hands of large organizations throughout Babylonia, and as palace and temple interconnections with these private bodies were forcefully supported by the king,the trends seem to have converged. Van de Mieroop is surely right to caution us that a constant interaction between rural and urban populations must have existed, and an antagonism between the two should not be assumed An informal and unattested, as well as a formal flow of goods and acts of reciprocity was vital to both. Meanwhile, the convenience and flexibility of transactions conducted in silver led to a withering of royal interest in active economic intervention. The palace no longer generally accepted payments in kind. A council of elders (Ã…Â ¡Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬botum) and popular assemblages (alum, karum, puIrum) became strong enough to have survived later even under Hammurabis overbearing control as community organs of self-government that coexisted with the state. Judges (who acted not individually but collectively) played a part, as sometimes did royal representatives with consensual dicisions on peace and war. While men were the most active in business, some women collaborated with their husbands in real estate, slave and adoption transactions, and in jointly obtaining loans. Widows maintained some control of joint property after their husbands death, and sons were obliged to support them during their lifetime.

The Behaviour Of A Supralittoral Gastropod Biology Essay

The Behaviour Of A Supralittoral Gastropod Biology Essay The species chosen for this experiment (or rather set of experiments) is Melarhaphe neritoides. This is a very common (small) species of snail found distributed along the rocky Maltese shores. It is listed in the Phylum Mollusca (Class Gastropoda) and grows to about just under 1cm. Its sides are flat (unlike the more common rounded shell found amongst molluscs) and has a high pointed spire. An operculum covers an oval aperture and a white periostracum leads to the dark blue/black shell. Its niche is located in a very specific stretch on the shore labelled the supralittoral zone. This is that area located just above the high tide mark. It is not submerged but is frequently splashed by sea spray when it is windy/stormy (in fact it is also known as the splash or spray zone). It is an unforgiving environment and organisms living here must be very well adapted to its instability. The Melarhaphe neritoides snail must be able to withstand; high temperatures, freshwater, salt and brine water , desiccation and exposure to air and of course any shore line animals which might prey upon the snail. In the summer months, the sea round the Maltese islands is very calm and the snails environment is rarely wetted. Also the snail lives in direct contact with the hard rocky surface which reaches high temperatures up to 50 degrees easily (which for most organisms this would be lethal). On the other hand during the winter months, storms are frequent and wave action is very violent on the supralittoral zone. Not only this but when there are no waves, pools of fresh water may form in these rocky patches which for most creatures adapted to a salty (high water potential) environment will cause osmotic problems. As opposed to the summer months, the temperature of the rocks in winter falls drastically some times even below freezing point. In fact as the mollusc is very well adapted to this environment, it is the dominant macro-faunal organism found there. To accommodate such drastic chang es in its environment, Melarhaphe neritoides has many behavioural adaptations. Such adaptations include; becoming inactive, taking refuge in pits/rocky overhangs, aggregating in groups and becoming active only when conditions are suitable. To be able to accurately avoid the harshness of the environment, the mollusc must have some kind of sense as to when to actually begin aestivation periods or when to come out of them, which spot is suitable (offers enough protection) to take refuge in etc. It is these behavioural adaptations that this experiment investigates. A set of different habitats and conditions are prepared and a number of snails tested to see their reaction and preference. Such an experiment must be conducted as accurately as possible as there are many factors which induce errors. In fact the test subjects where freshly caught and a number (10) of individuals were tested with each method to ensure usable and explainable data. Also the individuals tested where seen to be ab out 0.7mm in height. This is the height of juveniles not too young or too old as it is in this part of its life time in which an animal is most probably going to respond as expected in individuals seen in the wild (as old or young specimens may be less active or inhabit different regions of the environment). Procedure: Apparatus Petri dishes Graph paper Plastic aquariums Ruler Timer Acrylic plates (drilled) Measuring cylinder Black bags Glass Rod Gravel Fine Sand Coarse Sand Circular glass trough Materials Calcium Chloride Sea Water Distilled water Vaseline grease Blu-Tack Method Experiment.1 A plastic Petri-dish was partitioned by means of thin plastic into 3 separate parts. One part filled with fine sand, another with coarse sand and the other with gravel. Ten inactive snails were scattered across on these 3 different sabstrates and any movement made noted every 1,2,6,24,36 hrs. Experiment.2 Two identical Petri dishes had their bottom ruled to form a 44 grid at 1 cm intervals. One snail was placed on each grid line intersection. One dish contained a container full of Calcium chloride, whilst the other housed distilled water. Both dishes were sealed and observed over a period of 3 days. A plastic Petri-dish was floated over a pool of water in a circular glass trough. Ten inactive snails were placed in the Petri-dish which was left opened, but the glass trough was covered. After one hour, the cover was removed just enough to get the snails out. These were tapped gently with a glass rod a few times and put back in the trough. The number of active snails after the treatment was noted. Experiment.3 Two identical Petri dishes as in exp.2 (with a 44 grid) were prepared with one inactive snail per intersection. One dish is filled up to about 1mm with sea water, whilst the other one was left dry. Both dishes were sealed with Vaseline grease and observed over a period of one hour. This procedure was repeated only using fresh water instead of sea water. Snails which had been left in dry air for one hour were tapped sharply on the shell and immediately placed in 1cm of sea water. The time taken for the first noticeable movement of the snails operculum was noted. Experiment.4 Two identical measuring cylinders were filled with sea water one to a depth of 5cm and the other to a depth of 20cm. Individual inactive snails were placed in each cylinder, and the time taken for the snail to move 5 cm up the wall in each container was noted. Experiment.5 Two identical measuring cylinders are filled to a depth of 3cm with seawater. Each cylinder was marked at 3 cm intervals starting from the water surface. One cylinder was stoppered tightly whilst the other was left open. The movement of each snail up the cylinder was noted with time. Experiment.6 Two identical plastic aquaria are filled to a depth of 1.5cm with sea water. Regular plastic plates that were drilled with a pattern of regular holes were attached to the walls of one of the aquaria. The aquaria were marked off at 3cm intervals starting from the water surface. Ten inactive snails were placed in each aquarium and covered with a lid. After 3 hours the number of snails at each level was noted. The procedure above was then repeated but instead of the walls, the drilled plate was placed at the bottom of the aquarium. The number of individuals remaining submerged was counted at intervals of 1,2,6,24,36†¦ hours. Experiment.7 The procedure of experiment 5 was repeated only this time both the cylinders were tightly stoppered and with 10 snails in each one. One of the cylinders is placed in an opaque black bag whilst the other one is left in the light. The number of snails at each level for both cylinders at intervals of 1,3,6 and 24 hours was recorded. Precautions Snails that were used for an experiment were not reused but placed separately in a container to note that they have already undergone some treatment. This was done so as not have active snails from a previous experiment ruin the results of the next experiment. The snails were all freshly caught (not more than 2 days) so as to have an accurate result as possible. In most experiments a good number of individuals were used (like 10) and others were possible were replicated. Enough time was left to elapse for results to be collected as the stimuli that activate the snails may be over a long period of time. Snails used were chosen to be of similar size (0.7cm shell height) and handled very gently. Errors Handling of snails from capture site to lab and from tray to the experiment may have activated the snails prior to the actual experiment taking place. Most experiments could have been done only once to the long waiting time, and with a relatively small number of individuals (ten snails may not yield a representative result). The experiment tried to replicate the conditions that the snail would be in the wild. This can never be fully achieved and so the experiment its self is not so accurate. Movement of apparatus or activity on the bench could have changed snail position in other experiments or activating them due to the vibration not to the variable tested. The snails themselves may have moved other snails in experiment 2 and 3 giving errored results. Results Experiment 1 Time / hr Fine sand Gravel Rough sand 0 3 3 4 1 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 6 3 4 3 24 2 5 3 36 2 5 3 48 1 5 4 No snails were noted to have accumulated on the smooth plastic surface of the Petri-dish. Experiment 2 Part 2A: Time/hr RH=0% RH=100% 0 0 0 6 1 2 30 1 2 54 1 3 Part 2B: Snails active: Before tapping After tapping 0 2 Experiment 3: Part 3A: Time/hr Number of snails moved 0 0 1 5 6 12 24 14 32 15 48 16 56 16 Part 3B Time for first discernible movement of operculum after left in: Dry conditions Dry conditions followed by tapping Immersed in seawater 1 40 8 2 2 14 8 3 3 29 20 4 4 33 16 40 5 28 9 20 6 19 7 53 7 8 38 62 8 11 45 1 9 21 14 13 10 12 10 50 Part 3C Time/hr Number of snails moved 0 0 1 0 6 0 24 0 32 0 48 0 56 1 Experiment 4: Replicate 5cm water 20 cm water 1 2340s 4140s(69 mins) 2 2400s 86400s (1day) 3 9000s >2 day 4 9900s >2 day 5 86400s >2 day 6 >2 day >2 day 7 >2 day >2 day 8 >2 day >2 day 9 >2 day >2 day 10 >2 day >2 day Experiment 5: A total of 2 snails were placed in each measuring cylinder. The numbers in the table show the number of snails recorded at each level marked. Closed Open Time/hr 1 2 6 24 32 48 56 1 2 6 24 32 48 56 0-3cm 2 2 2 2 2 2   2 2 2 1 1 0 0   0 3-6cm 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 6-9cm 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 1 1 0   1 9-12cm 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 12-15cm 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1   1 15-18cm 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 18-21cm 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 21-24cm 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 24-27cm 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 27-30cm (top) 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Experiment 6 Part 6A After 3 hours: At the bottom of the tank (smooth) In crevices On smooth wall Submerged in seawater 8 0 1 0-3cm above water 0 0 1 3-6cm above water 0 0 0 Part 6B: Time/hr 1 2 6 24 32 48 56 submerged In crevices 6 8 9 9 9 9 9 On smooth wall 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 Above seawater In crevices 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Not in crevices 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Submerged (the only one required others are extra) 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 Experiment 7: Light Dark Time/hr 1 2 6 24 32 48 56 1 2 6 24 32 48 56 0-3cm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3-6cm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 6-9cm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 9-12cm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 12-15cm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 3 15-18cm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 18-21cm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21-24cm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 24-27cm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 27-30cm (top) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Discussion The results were organized in the form of tables usually with length in movement or number of snails against time. In the first experiment, habitat preference was tested. Rough gravel and fine/coarse sand are the typical supralittoral substrates and snails may have a preference to one and not the other. As observed from the table up to the first few hours, no movement was noted. On the sixth hour a single snail had changed substrate from the fine sand onto the gravel. At the end of the experiment two of the 3 snails placed on the fine sand had moved onto the gravel or coarse sand and one from the coarse sand had moved onto the gravel as well. This indicates that the organisms somewhat dislike a loose substrate such as the fine sand (only 2 remained) but prefer rough gravel (5 snails remained). The coarse sand was somewhat in between the two with 4 snails remaining. This is the expected result as these organisms are found between small rocks and in crevices. The fact that not all of t he travelled to one substrate could have been due to the lack of space as with 5 or 4 snails in one section, the Petri-dish became somewhat crowded. No snails were observed to go onto the smooth Petri-dish surface and this is also explained by the fact that their habitat preference is towards rocky terrain. In the second experiment, the effect of humidity on the inactive snails was observed. In part A which consisted of the two Petri-dishes with the grid, the difference in humidity was created by using calcium chloride (anhydrous). This chemical can absorb the water present in the atmosphere creating dry conditions whilst the other had a tap with water giving the environment 100% relative humidity. In the dry dish 6% of the snails moved whilst in the wet dish, 18% of the snails moved. Although not so many snails moved the difference from dry to wet is already evident with about 3 times the snails moving in the 100% RH than the 0% RH. This shows that although it is not that strong of a stimulus, the relative humidity plays a part in the activation of the sails. In part B of experiment number two, the snails were once again exposed to an atmosphere of 100% RH, but they were also tapped on the shell after one hour and placed back for a few more minutes. The tapping seems to have some effect on the snails as unlike the 100 % RH in part A where the snails took days to move, 20% of the snails in part B after only one hour were noticed to be active (which is roughly the same amount as in part A at 100% RH). This suggests that probably the wave action on the snails combined with the high humidity (as they are wetted) are effective stimuli to activate the snails. Experiment 3 consisted of three parts. In the first part, the Petri-dish had a grid on the bottom where 16 snails were placed. In the one which contained the 1mm of sea water by the second day all the snails had moved. The period where most snails became active was between the 6th and 24th hour. This when compared to the previous experiment where only the humidity was at 100% shows that water is a much stronger activator as all the snails moved (the dry control had no noticeable movement). This would make sense as if there was wave action apart from high humidity and the mechanical force its self (both of which have shown positive results) , the snails would most likely become submersed in little pockets of sea water. Interesting to note that when as in part 3C the water used was fresh water, no snails moved up to 24 hours and only one moved just slightly over the 3 days period (probably due to humidity not the water its self). This is interesting to note. It can probably be explaine d by the fact that if it were to rain over the snails which in August or September (although rare) it might, although the snail would feel the mechanical force, be in an atmosphere of high humidity and covered in water it would not be beneficial to come out of dormancy as the environment would not yet be suitable and so it must be sea water to activate the snail as this would only come ashore from waves (indicating a suitable environment). In part B of experiment 3 the time taken for each snail to become active was noted. Prior to the experiment, they were sharply tapped. This tapping followed by the immersion in sea water instantly brought about a response from the snail which opened its operculum. This was very fast, in fact an average time of 17.5 seconds was recorded between the ten snails tested. This once again replicated wave action only a faster response was obtained due to the fact that actual sea water was used and not high humidity or tapping only (which continues to sugg est that the snail becomes active after summer during the winter storms). Up till experiment 3, sea water was known to bring about a response, the question then was (answered by experiment 4) if more water would bring about a faster reaction. Apparently this is not so as the time taken for the snails to travel a distance of 5cm up the wall of the cylinder containing 5cm of water was less than the cylinder containing 20cm of sea water. This can probably be explained by the fact that the snail is not adapted to live in deep water but it is actually semi-terrestrial only venturing into the sea to lay its eggs. Thus a higher hydrostatic pressure of 20cm would indicate an unsuitable environment and the snail will most likely remain dormant. Therefore only frequent wetting and not submerging (in more than 10cm of water) brings about a response (once again pools brought about by waves are usually not as deep as 20cm in small crevices where the snail aggregates). Experiment 5 was somewhat baffling and probably should not be considered as a representative result. Only a few snails were activated and the snails which travelled most up the cylinder were in the one not stoppered! An expected result based on the other previous experiments and knowledge of the snails habitat preference would be something as follows. Upon introducing the snails to the 3cm of seawater, they would become active and since they would be submerged find a way out which would be to climb onto the cylinders side. Since their habitat lies a fair distance from the sea, the snail should continue to climb up to a good few centimetres. The snails in the stoppered cylinder should reach the top as the high humidity indicates that they are still very close to the water and travel up as far a possible. In the open cylinder having a dryer atmosphere, the snails would probably not move up to the top as they would be under the impression that they are a fair enough distance from the se a located at the bottom. Experiment 6 was an extension of experiment 5 where the upward movement from a submerged place was tested only this time the variable was not humidity but terrain brought about by the drilled plates stuck to the sides of the tank. Again the data was not as expected so much so that the slightly different version experiment part 6B did not have the same results as A but was as expected. The reasons for experiments 5 and 6A being somewhat not accurate could be due to the errors mentioned in the sources of errors section above. If one were to follow the result brought about by experiment 6A it would be concluded that the snails prefer to remain submerged and on smooth surfaces rather than in the crevices. This of course is not the case as the snails prefer crevices in rocks as seen from experiment 1 and also in the wild these are found in crevices not submerged on smooth surfaces. In part B where the drilled plate was placed at the bottom, the snails aggregated in the pits and stayed sub merged. This would indicate that they actually do prefer crevices and pits which offer protection against the elements. The pits were submerged, but the expected result was that despite this the snails should not go out of the water. This is because they were submerged under only 1.5cm and in the wild this would be something common for a snail in a small pit to experience a few mm of sea water. So in the pits and under water the mollusc is actually in its preferred environment. Finally experiment 7 tested if the snail is photosensitive. According to the results obtained, when in light the snails (all 10 of them) became active faster (in the first hour even) and climbed a distance of 3cm, whilst in the covered cylinder half as much became active and over a longer time period. The strange thing was that in the light, the snails did not reach the top and in the dark only 1 did. Considering the high humidity in both, all the snails should have gone up to the top, the only difference (if there is) would be in the time taken. Taking into consideration all the results obtained and considering the concordant data, it is noted that the snails become active via various stimuli. In summer humidity is low and the snail would be in a crevice seeking refuge from the direct sun. When the first storms come along, the crevice the snail would be in becomes wet with sea water and very humid (a sort of micro habitat). The pounding action of the waves also has an effect on the snail. The mollusc is at home under a few centimetres of water and in fact in November to March during high tide the snail travels from its habitat to the Eulittoral zone (which is covered in water during this period of the year) and lays its eggs. The snail is affected by hydrostatic pressure (experiment 4) and so only travels a specific distance into the sea (which would be the optimum place to lay its eggs). It also detects the relative humidity and only ventures up shore a fixed distance (up to the supralittoral zone) from the sea. In this zon e lichens also grow in the winter and spring times. These are a prime source of food for the snail and may be another reason why it aestivates as in summer, this food source dries up. Conclusion Having done the experiments and observed the results, it can be concluded that there are various factors which play a part in activating the snail. Each factor affects the snail to a certain degree and the combination of all of them (humidity, mechanic wave action, sea water etc) brings about a reaction either to be inactive due to their lack or to be activated due to their presence.

Vietnam Essay -- essays research papers

After thinking about all the things we would learn this year in American history I decided to do my project on the experiences of Vietnam War veterans. There is a lot of controversy as to whether or not the Vietnam War veterans are given enough recognition for what they went through. I have heard horrible stories of US soldiers dying from US bombs, shell shock, and soldiers returning to America and not being able to function as active members of society due to the horrors of the war. All I really know about the war is what I have seen on television. I wanted to learn about the war through the firsthand accounts of those who were there. The Vietnam War was a military struggle fought in Vietnam from 1959 to 1975. It began as an attempt by Communist guerrillas (or Vietcong) in the South, backed by Communist North Vietnam, to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. The struggle grew into a war between South Vietnam and North Vietnam and ultimately into an international conflict. The United States and some 40 other countries supported South Vietnam by supplying troops and munitions, and the USSR and the People's Republic of China furnished munitions to North Vietnam and the Vietcong. On both sides, however, the burden of the war fell mainly on the civilians.1 On January 27, in Paris, delegations representing the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Provisional Revolutionary Communist Government of South Vietnam signed an Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam. The cease-fire officially went into effect on January 28. Both the US and North Vietnam asserted that there were no secret peace terms.2 All the US fighting forces had withdrawn from Vietnam by March 1973, but not without major losses on both sides. Two million Vietnamese were killed and 3 million were wounded. The extensive use of napalm and defoliants (such as Agent Orange) left many people badly burned, and destroyed the ecology of a country that was mainly agricultural. This is an important part of US history because it was the first war in which there was no clear winner. 57,685 US soldiers were killed, and triple that amount were wounded. Even those who returned to the United states without physical damage suffered from depression, and had to live with memories of the carnage and destruction that they saw. What bothers me about... ...arried, but instead decided on throwing it away, so that he wouldn’t be able to. So even this early in the war, the horrors of the POW camps were already known. I believe the worst torture Stafford had to endure was being without water. â€Å"As time passed, Stafford’s awareness shifted away from his physical pain and the uncertainty of his situation and focused on one single fact and sensation: he was thirsty... He got down off the stool, onto his knees, and licked the floor where he tiles joined, hoping some water had a accumulated there. When that failed, he tried licking damaged places on the wall, hoping that some water had sweated through.†6 It was only his second day without water, and he had to wait three more. The book continues to describe the horrible conditions in the rooms, the small amounts of food, and the torture that they had to go through on occasion, but never was any soldier’s ordeal described the way Stafford’s had been. Its amazing how some people can persevere. After spending eight years as a Vietnam POW Stafford was released. When he returned home his wife was still waiting for him, and the only problem he suffered was occasional depression.

Essay --

Competency-based Selection James Thomas University of Maryland University College HRMD 630 Turnitin The term competency is defined in different manner depending on the context of the business. It is used for the ability, competence, skills, and strengths of employees. HR department can assess the competencies of employees in various aspects of current and future role and design HR interventions keeping in mind the core business of the organizations. It may promote self-assessment, peer assessment, and assessment by experts for achieving HR goals of the organization. The human resources management is considered to be a key to manage the core business of the organizations and competency framework is the frame of HR process. HR professionals with a strategic performance management competency are well positioned to facilitate the pace and extent of change in their organizations. According to SHRM, HR systems can be impediments or enablers of rapid organizational change, but HR professionals with this competency will at least understand the business case for HR. Competency and career management has assumed greater importance in the present day companies. It is one of those toughest functions that HR managers handle. This is tough because HR manager are responsible for two conflicting functions. Organizational structures and downsizing of manpower on one side and ensuring career opportunities to the employees on the other side The purpose of selection is to match people to work. It is the most important element in any organization’s management of people simply because it is not possible to optimize the effectiveness of human resources, by whatever method, if there is a less than adequate match. One o... ...a interview. The process of competency based selection and recruitment involves job anylysis, interviewing, testing and selecting the applicant. In the event that an interviewer is unfamiliar with the job opening, out of date job description in unavailable or documentations is needed for the interview process, a job analysis can be conducted. The importance of job analysis in employment interviewing has long been recognized from the standpoint of Human Resources Management. (EEOC, 1978) state there is a legal basis to job analysis. The EEOC require that job analysis be performed as part of the development, application and validation of employee selections procedures. Job analysis should be conducted prior to the applicant interview. Information from the job analysis such as the job description should be used to develop interview question and a scale for rating.

Essay --

James Joyce’s novel, ‘A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man’, is a classic example of a kà ¼ntslerroman, a type of a bildungsroman, a coming-of-age story, which focuses on the maturation of an artist. The theme of Stephen Daedalus’ intellectual development as an artist recurs throughout this narrative by way of the recollection of his memories and the sensory descriptions he is able to provide. The cultivation of Stephen’s art is evidenced by his growing fascination with words and stories, Though Stephen’s artistic prowess and interests do not seem to be confined to just one denomination, evidenced by the way that he creates songs out of conversations, â€Å"Pull out his eyes, / Apologise†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (2), he seems to appreciate words more than anything else. Evidence of this pattern emerges in the first passage of the novel, when Stephen recalls Simon Daedalus, his father, relating to him the story of a â€Å"moocow that was down along the road† and â€Å"a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo†(1). Though the first chapter is characterized by an incompressible pattern of flow, like that of a child’s mind, St...

Frankenstein as Anti-Hero Character Essay

SUCI HANIFAH LITERARY CRITICISM II EDRIA SANDIKA/MARLIZA YENI 8 MAY 2013 Frankenstein as Anti Hero Character A women who wrote â€Å"Frankenstein† named, Mary Shelley, she was born August 30, 1797, in London, England. Mary Shelley came from a rich literary heritage. She was the daughter of William Godwin, a political theorist, novelist, and publisher. Her ideas to write Frankenstein cameon summer of 1816, Mary and his brother Percy visited the poet Lord Byron at his villa beside Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Stormy weather finally forced them going indoors, while the other guests read a volume of ghost stories. So there, Mary’s story became Frankenstein when she was only 19 years old.Frankenstein was published in 1818, when Mary was 21, and became a huge success. Many people disbelieving that a 19-year-old woman could have written such a horror story. The story starts with the letter of a sailor who had trip to North Pole, in the letter to his sister he was talking about a new friend, who was strange, calm, but had complicated and mysterious life story behind. The man’s name was Victor Frankenstein, Victor told him all of his life story, about his happy childhood, his family, Elizabeth, his best friend Hendry Clerval who taught him about danger and adventure. Victor was a bright student, he loves science, he intends to now about everything, nature,universe , and also the living creature. And his curiousity about human, drove him into his big achievement in his entire of life, his passion, desire, and mind, led him to create a human or worse, we can say it a horrible moster. The figure of Victor Frankenstein is very interesting to be analyzed. Mary created him with amazing personality, which can be categorized as Hero’s trait but through his achievement and fatal flaw, that personality is destroyed by himself, in case here described as â€Å"anti-hero†. Focus of analysis is Victor’s characterization in this story, because he passed so many events with up and downs untill finally he found the way to make his dream come true, to research about human and made a human-like. So, the next chapter will discuss especially â€Å"anti hero†, and will show the evidences and  the codes that put Victor as a Anti-hero. A hero in literary work is a character which has a special power, admirable traits, and good achievement (Begley 1). The power that a hero has must be used for the justice, the human, for the country and the world, a hero must have a special power, physically or spiritually. The action from a hero will impress the people around, being admirer because of their admirable traits, kind hearted, full of spirit, brave and honest. An absolute example of a hero is : Captain America, who fight for his country and human, or Doraemon who has a special ability to use a sophisticated tools to help Nobita, and nobody have it, that special pocket. On the contrary, Anti-hero is similar with the hero, but he has a fatal flaw that lead him and his society into misery. Anti heroes usually distrust common values and are unable to commit themselves to any ideals. In his writing, Begley adds that anti hero will has some of the personality flaws and ultimate fortune traditionally assigned to villains but b eside that also has enough heroic qualities or intention to gain the sympathy of readers, anti hero can be awkward, passive, or pitiful. Victor in general, seemingly has Hero’s traits. Victor came from a noble family, rich, and high respect in his society, his father had filled several public situations and positions with honour and reputation. He was a civilized person, his parent loved him so much, he was bringing up with a big fullfilment, tenderness and deep conciousness of his parent toward him. He received a lesson of patience, charity, and self-control, he really has a beautifull childhood, as he told to the sailor : â€Å"No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself† (Shelly 29). That was several proves that Victor being rise and growth willingly. In Frankenstein, Victor was a round character, round character is a complex character and increases in complexity throughout the story, and the opposite of flat character (Gerald. Dictionary of Narratology). Because if we identify the character of Victor start from his happy childhood, university environment, but since he created the human-like, the complexity of his life getting worse and worse. He tried to struggle and beated down the monster to  reconcile his mistake, and went back to his hometown to safe his family but ironically he couldn’t. The position of Victor as the anti hero is set in the blurring line between hero and villain (Begley 2), but through the actions and the way he thinks the reader can judge or give their opinion about this tragic character. Looking for the clue and action of the character, based on the proairetic code by Roland Barthes, which is applies to any action that implies a further narrative action of Victor in general, we may look the two bigest act of him : The first when he ran away after staring at the monster. Run here means that he tried to free up his regret feeling, hide his fearness. And the second ; when Victor decide to chase the monster, chasing here absolutely as the revenge, and retaliation for his sinful feeling. The first time when Victor find his misery was when his mother died, all this time his mother such an angel to him, but when she died, he seemed like to lose his life, and Elizabeth is the only woman that he loved. When he study in University, he met with Professor M. Krempe and M. Waldman who provided and inspired him to start his research, without permission from the preofessor, Victor secretly started to create a human, in his apartment which had changed into private laboratory. One by one the various keys were touched, and victimize his bright brain, and soul, Victor successfully made up his achievement. Till this part we can say he had reach his purpose, but in fact after he stared at his own creature, what was become his dream, was exactly right destroy in a few seconds. As it shown in Victor’s mind when he finished his creature :â€Å"I felt the bitterness of disappointment, dreams that had been my food and pleasant rest for so long a space were now become a hell to me , and the change was so rapid, the overthrow so complete!† (Shelley 50). Thisis prove that he was so scare to the thing that he had created, it is not satisfy his sacrifice that he had done for a very long time, but just end up with a horrible creature in front of him. The pitiful life of Victor could be also the evidence that bring him to anti hero, as the characteristic of anti hero, Victor has some of it. He typically distrust conventional values, he thinks and acts in the outside  line of normal people, he likes the different things, just like how much he loves his gods fantacy : Cornelious Agrippa, Albertus Magnus, Paracelsus. When I read Frankenstein, it makes a serious catharsis, the emotion of the reader, and how the sympathy feeling suddenly appear when Victor met his fatal flaw. The last clue is the death of Victor’s family, started with his youngest brother who had been killed by the monster, then his best friend Hendry, his lovely wife Elizabeth, and the last was his father. Beside that, the result of his horrible creature’s revenge also cause an innocent woman had been punished. This is the biggest fatal flaw that he made, the creature that he created, gave soul, had destroyed and drown himself, his admirable trait was useless, his mind, knowledge, power, instead led him to a tragic end of his life and cause the mental conflict. The condition af Victor after he had drown was so pathetic, as Walton explained to his sister in the letter : â€Å"His limbs was nearly frozen, and his body dreadfully emaciated by fatigue and suffering. I never saw a man in so wretched a condition† (Frankenstein, P. 16) As far as I concern about Victor Frankenstein position in the story, that is true that he was reaching his achivement which become his purpose of studying and researching, but through his human creation, the monster had caused him in the middle line of hero or anti hero. In case here, based on the evidences that I already explain above, Victor was not a Villain. Because Villain regarded as antagonist and never change his mind or his goal, but Victor directly changed his mind and felt scare at the very first time he saw his living creature’s eyes. Moreover, when he depressed by the death of the people that he loves, had been murdered by the monster, he changed his mind, refused to make another monster and decided to fight back. This is what anti hero did, after the fatal flaw, depressed, big loses in his life, then ends up ironically with the sadness and sorrow. References Wilfred, Guerrin. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York. Oxford University Press. 1999 Begley, Louis. Defenition of Anti- Hero. 2000 Prince, Gerald. Dictionary of Narratology. Accessed on 7 May 2013 Module on Barthes : On the Five Code. Accessed on 7 May 2013 The Adaptation from the National Library of Medicine.†Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature† Retrieved from websites : www.duluth.lib.mn.us

Julius Caesar Group Project

Julius Caesar Group Project: Analyzing Diction on Marc Antony’s Speech 1. Overall I would classify Marc Antony’s speech as largely monosyllabic as a whole in length. This took a much longer time to decide than it did of Brutus’ speech, this could be that Antony is a smarter and nobler person or that it’s just how Julius Caesar constructed the speech to persuade the crowd. One of the lines that demonstrate a great use of one syllable would be â€Å"My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar and I must pause ‘till it come back to me† (Shakespeare, Lines 108-109).This is just one of the many lines that uses a lot of one syllable words but in the end the speech was mainly one syllable in length. 2. Antony’s speech uses a very well use of both techniques of persuading and informing. I felt that there was more use of persuading in his speech than informing but that’s only because they love Antony at the end of the speech. An example o f informing from Antony is, â€Å"I come to bury Caesar not praise him† (Shakespeare, Line 2) Here he is just telling the audience and conspirators that he is just trying to give a simple Funeral.Antony is clever with his words by bluntly saying things and letting the audience’s mind go off and feel that things are correct. It’s not just the Audience that persuades themselves he says, â€Å"Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? † (Shakespeare, Line 92). Giving examples and then asking questions to play with their minds was a very successful tactic of Antony’s. 3. I felt that Antony’s diction was very formal in his speech; unlike Brutus the crowd does not respond in his speech.Antony uses advance word choice, which makes him look more intelligent to the not so intelligent clump of Romans. An excellent example of his formal diction would be, â€Å" So let it be with Caesar. The Noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious: if it were so, it w as a grievous fault, and grievously hath Caesar answer’d it† (Shakespeare, lines 79-82) the words such as grievous and ambitious show formal diction. Diction like Antony’s override’s Brutus’ speech with repititon which makes their mind believe that â€Å"WOW!This really is impressive and he’s right! † although he does fall short with not letting the audience get in some action of their own opinion. 4. Antony is very wise and really gets people in his speech in Act 3 Scene 2 by using denotative examples and not â€Å"what if† and â€Å"in general† meanings. He not only gives specific examples on how things should be but also on how things shouldn’t be which is genius like of Antony to portray pros and cons. Lines 90 and 91 re perfect examples of specifics he tells us, â€Å"He hath brought many captives home to Tome whose ransoms did the general coffers fill†¦. † (Shakespeare, Line 90-91) Antony uses end less examples but this one stuck out to me most. 5. Going back to specifics, my feelings have not changed, Antony is lousy with specifics that make his speech concrete. Another one of his detailed specific would be from line 93 where he states, â€Å" When the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:† (Shakespeare, Line 93).Not only is this fact dead one but also it involves pathos and makes Caesar look even better! 6. One of Antony’s tactics also for his great speech was the euphonious tone/ word choice he used. Typically when you use a nice/pleasant tone with people, they will give you what you want. One of the more highlighting parts of the euphonious words was in line 89 where he declares, â€Å"And Brutus is an honourable man. †. Even though Antony disagreed very highly of Brutus and the conspirators he still followed the rule Brutus gave him and used very appreciative words with the crowd. . According to Marc Antony’s diction I do feel that he does achiev e his overall purpose for the crowd to like him, honor Caesar, and strongly hate Brutus and the conspirators. He succeeds this overall purpose by being clever and tricky with his words by speaking against Brutus he falls short by not using as much emotion. The greater part of his speech was most definitely greater than any other part of his speech.

Freedom

Freedom. We all dream about it. We all wish we could break free of the rules, laws and constraints we are all chained down by. The uniforms, taxes, laws and harsh, judgemental opinions: All these keep us in order, organized and running smoothly like a well-oiled machine. But sometimes what is best for people is not the strict guidelines and controlling regulations, but the shattering of the barrier to insanity and liberation, the spreading of wings and freedom of flight that we can only ever experience in dreams. Freedom, however, can have many different definitions.To be able to do anything they want without the fear of trouble, fines or cruel, judgemental opinions, or maybe just to be able to walk to the park alone. There are numerous levels of freedom and everybody’s opinion on where they are on those levels can depend on their upbringing, cultural background, age group and environment. Some cultures, for example, are considered to be stricter than others in certain, or all aspects of their children’s lives, even to the extent of an arranged marriage. There are many reasons for why children should be allowed some freedom, however, but still be on a loose leash.We all need to go through the childhood stage, with we need room to explore the world and take risks in a safe environment and manner. Parents just need to find a balance between the two, letting the child make some of their own decisions, but also letting them make small mistakes as to learn from them. Though some teenagers of this generation feel as if they need more freedom, most of them do not. Teenagers do not know the real meaning of freedom and have not learnt to savour it as those in the work force have. They do not know what it is like to have to fend for themselves, and have others depend on them to live as well.To have just one day where all that responsibility, and the responsibility of sticking to laws and restrictions, is lifted off their shoulders, would be the feeling of t rue freedom. Parents restrict their teenagers from doing some things and going to certain places because they want their children to be safe, but to enjoy and savour the freedom they have now before they are released into the â€Å"real world† and never to experience it again. Teenagers of this day and age have quite a bit of freedom in many aspects already compared to their parents and other older generations.Being a teenager myself, I can see why some others would like more, and feel as if they are deprived of, choice and freewill, though I understand that the restrictions placed and reinforced upon by the parents are only for our benefit. As our parents, they would have decidedly more knowledge of the world and its dangers due to experience, as they have been where us teens are today. The world, however, is changing, and with a new generation comes new experiences. There are many choices in life, and if we do not make mistakes, we would not be able to learn and grow as peo ple.Independence is a crucial lesson in life, and can only be achieved through self nourishment and exploration of both ourselves and the world around us. Though parents may think that by restricting their children from going out and contributing to certain events is to protect them, they may be actually shielding their children from the real world, feeding their children lies when the society they live in isn’t as innocent. Totally shielding that child from the events of the world would be unfair to both the parents and the child. Gradually exposing them to the world however, would be a nicer alternative.The shock of finding out how different the real world is compared to their thoughts and filtered knowledge would be extremely unfair as they would discover all the experiences they did not get to participate in, and feel as if their childhood had been wasted. This shielding of children may also have prevented them from having a social life. They may have been kept at home, q uietly reading, or studying for a test coming up in a couple of weeks, while their friends were out having fun and experiencing and contributing to the memories that they will be able to tell their children when they have grown out of their teenage years.Being kept at home, it would make sense that they would have a quieter and less outgoing personality, and that new experiences would not be as happily welcomed as they would by those who had had the chance to understand and gain knowledge about it. On the other hand, quite often teenagers who are kept at home, but who have knowledge of the outside world, become rebellious and disobedient in order to try and experience new things with friends and also to be socially accepted and to fit in.However, this creates tension and mistrust within families, and therefore harsher restrictions on their freedom, causing other, more forceful forms of rebellion. Freedom is classed on so many different levels, that sometimes, even walking home witho ut the threat of death is a dream. With countless different definitions of â€Å"freedom† each and every person would have a varied view on liberation and different levels on where they feel it. Teenagers need time to explore and experience, but on he other hand, they need to be able to do this in a fairly safe and comfortable environment. Lack of freedom hinders the growth and development of personalities and the teenager’s ever going search to find themselves, and who is going to make their mark in the world in the near future. Freedom is a part of life that shapes and moulds the clay of the future of mankind into the people who will one day run the world. And in freedom, we fly. Freedom Freedom. We all dream about it. We all wish we could break free of the rules, laws and constraints we are all chained down by. The uniforms, taxes, laws and harsh, judgemental opinions: All these keep us in order, organized and running smoothly like a well-oiled machine. But sometimes what is best for people is not the strict guidelines and controlling regulations, but the shattering of the barrier to insanity and liberation, the spreading of wings and freedom of flight that we can only ever experience in dreams. Freedom, however, can have many different definitions.To be able to do anything they want without the fear of trouble, fines or cruel, judgemental opinions, or maybe just to be able to walk to the park alone. There are numerous levels of freedom and everybody’s opinion on where they are on those levels can depend on their upbringing, cultural background, age group and environment. Some cultures, for example, are considered to be stricter than others in certain, or all aspects of their children’s lives, even to the extent of an arranged marriage. There are many reasons for why children should be allowed some freedom, however, but still be on a loose leash.We all need to go through the childhood stage, with we need room to explore the world and take risks in a safe environment and manner. Parents just need to find a balance between the two, letting the child make some of their own decisions, but also letting them make small mistakes as to learn from them. Though some teenagers of this generation feel as if they need more freedom, most of them do not. Teenagers do not know the real meaning of freedom and have not learnt to savour it as those in the work force have. They do not know what it is like to have to fend for themselves, and have others depend on them to live as well.To have just one day where all that responsibility, and the responsibility of sticking to laws and restrictions, is lifted off their shoulders, would be the feeling of t rue freedom. Parents restrict their teenagers from doing some things and going to certain places because they want their children to be safe, but to enjoy and savour the freedom they have now before they are released into the â€Å"real world† and never to experience it again. Teenagers of this day and age have quite a bit of freedom in many aspects already compared to their parents and other older generations.Being a teenager myself, I can see why some others would like more, and feel as if they are deprived of, choice and freewill, though I understand that the restrictions placed and reinforced upon by the parents are only for our benefit. As our parents, they would have decidedly more knowledge of the world and its dangers due to experience, as they have been where us teens are today. The world, however, is changing, and with a new generation comes new experiences. There are many choices in life, and if we do not make mistakes, we would not be able to learn and grow as peo ple.Independence is a crucial lesson in life, and can only be achieved through self nourishment and exploration of both ourselves and the world around us. Though parents may think that by restricting their children from going out and contributing to certain events is to protect them, they may be actually shielding their children from the real world, feeding their children lies when the society they live in isn’t as innocent. Totally shielding that child from the events of the world would be unfair to both the parents and the child. Gradually exposing them to the world however, would be a nicer alternative.The shock of finding out how different the real world is compared to their thoughts and filtered knowledge would be extremely unfair as they would discover all the experiences they did not get to participate in, and feel as if their childhood had been wasted. This shielding of children may also have prevented them from having a social life. They may have been kept at home, q uietly reading, or studying for a test coming up in a couple of weeks, while their friends were out having fun and experiencing and contributing to the memories that they will be able to tell their children when they have grown out of their teenage years.Being kept at home, it would make sense that they would have a quieter and less outgoing personality, and that new experiences would not be as happily welcomed as they would by those who had had the chance to understand and gain knowledge about it. On the other hand, quite often teenagers who are kept at home, but who have knowledge of the outside world, become rebellious and disobedient in order to try and experience new things with friends and also to be socially accepted and to fit in.However, this creates tension and mistrust within families, and therefore harsher restrictions on their freedom, causing other, more forceful forms of rebellion. Freedom is classed on so many different levels, that sometimes, even walking home witho ut the threat of death is a dream. With countless different definitions of â€Å"freedom† each and every person would have a varied view on liberation and different levels on where they feel it. Teenagers need time to explore and experience, but on he other hand, they need to be able to do this in a fairly safe and comfortable environment. Lack of freedom hinders the growth and development of personalities and the teenager’s ever going search to find themselves, and who is going to make their mark in the world in the near future. Freedom is a part of life that shapes and moulds the clay of the future of mankind into the people who will one day run the world. And in freedom, we fly.