How does Marxist theory view class - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2333 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? No commentator has seriously doubted the central importance of the theory of class for [Marxs] workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is as essential for his theory of history as it is for his analysis of the dynamics of capitalist society. (Dahrendorf, 1959, 8) This essay examines this assertion and looks at where and how class operates within Marxs comprehensive socio-economic theory. It analyses class as both a description and concept, and as a motor of social change à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" as both a structural, static element and as a dynamic, transformational one. The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles are the opening words of The Communist Manifesto (Marx Engels, 1967, 79). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How does Marxist theory view class?" essay for you Create order The entire first section of   the tract is devoted to a description of classes throughout the history of humankind and how, in his own age, the emergence of two dominant classes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" bourgeoisie and proletariat à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" was simplifying the social structure and making it ripe for revolutionary, emancipatory social change. Although Marxs motivation for his wish to see social transformation was morally driven in the first instance, all his works eschew arguments based upon morality (Wheen, 1999). Instead, the emphasis is upon political imperatives and economic determinism, attempting to make his arguments and theories scientific and rational rather than appealing to a more intangible sense of justice and fairness. For Marx, historical progress itself was the driver of social change, while social classes were the agents of transformation. Class definition is determined not by income or status, but by property relations which, in turn, are the result of t he production process structure (Parkin, 1979). By presenting his social theories and his view of history in terms of class, such an epistemological and methodological model supported not only his analysis of society, but also his assertion that the proletariat would be the ultimate agent of human liberation ushering in a better world. Friedrich Engels claimed that Marxs exposition of Scientific Socialism or Historic Materialism revealed immutable laws similar to the contemporaneous theories of Charles Darwin in the field of evolutionary biology (Bullock Stalybrass, 1983). However, in claiming to discern scientific laws governing the workings and development of human society, Marxs analysis ran the risk of becoming a predeterminist philosophy, or a form of historicism (Honderich, 1995). Engels argued that in order to make a science of Socialism, it had first to be placed upon a real basis. (Engels, 1970, 43) The realness or authenticity elaborated by Marx and Engel placed the co ncept of class at the heart of subsequent Marxist philosophy. This centrality emerged from a conflict within the political left in the mid-19th century. Marx embarked upon a sustained campaign of argument and vilification against those he labelled utopian socialists, notably Henri de Saint-Simon, Pierre Proudhon, FranÃÆ' §ois Fourier, Eugen DÃÆ' ¼hring and Robert Owen. Although he conceded that these individuals were well-meaning, genuine believers in the principles of socialism, and successful in demonstrating through their works the ethical essence of socialism, nonetheless their paternalistic ideas were insufficient to produce comprehensive human emancipation (Wheen, 1999). They gave too little heed to the importance of class antagonism as the fundamental driver of the struggle for liberation. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued that the utopian socialists committed their mistakes because the urban working class had not yet developed sufficiently for the signifi cance of class conflict to be recognised (1848). However, this mild rebuke was followed by much more acerbic criticism. He asserted that setting up idealistic experimental communities aimed at showing there was an alternative to the exploitative nature of the capitalist mode of production removed the participants from the wider society and made them irrelevant. Furthermore, the utopians writings, theories and actions demonstrated not just an ignorance of, but also a denial of, the central importance of class struggle. Consequently, in seeking reconciliation between bourgeoisie and worker, such collusion made them class traitors (Marx Engels, 1967). By adopting such an uncompromising position, Marx had committed himself to an analysis that relied upon class and class conflict to explain the past and predict the future. Other social divisions, such as race, gender, ethnicity and religion were thereafter relegated to being largely the products of economic relations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" part of the superstructure of society rather than the more powerful base comprising productive forces and the relations of production (Hughes-Warrington, 2000). Marx argued that throughout history successive waves of dominant classes, such as patricians, feudal lords and aristocrats, had merely replaced each other as exploiters of similarly successive underclasses, such as slaves, plebeians and serfs. The bourgeoisie were just the latest in a line of oppressors, but Marx asserted that they were both the apogee and the last of the exploiters (Muravchik, 2002). The emergence of the bourgeoisie superseding the aristocracy as the ruling elite was the result of the replacement of feudalism by capitalism and was characterised by industrialisation. Industrialisation was founded on the factory system which produced a new class à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the proletariat. When this increasingly impoverished hired-hand sector with no part in the ownership of the means of production finally rose up in revolt against their masters, their subsequent rule would not, indeed could not, be oppressive because, consisting of almost everyone, they would have no one to exploit (Hughes-Warrington, 2000). While the proletariat would eventually usher in socialism and eventually communism, this would not happen until they were organised. Furthermore, such organisation could not occur before the working class became aware of the nature of their oppression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" namely that it was one class dividing and exploiting another rather than the moral failures of powerful individuals. This would be difficult because, It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness. (Marx, 2014, 11-12) If their consciousness was rooted in their class position, how could this chicken-and-egg scenario be resolved? This was where the concept of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat became such a useful tool for later actua l parties of government which claimed to be Marxist, in particular the regime of Stalin. Asserting that the Bolshevik/Communist Party was the vanguard of the proletariat and imbued with a consciousness somehow not beholden to their social existence, this served the purposes of allowing an elite to claim to be part of the emancipationist class, provided a useful scapegoating catch-all category of bourgeois for condemning and liquidating opposition, and created a reservoir of willing, obedient lower-level-leadership acolytes from the actual working class who were dependent upon accepting the ideology and direction of that elite for their accession to, and continued holding of, their privileged positions (Daniels, 2007). However, in Marxist theory this was not how it was supposed to develop. Class consciousness, or the self-awareness of a shared, unified and unifying experience, was to be the mechanism by which revolutionary consciousness developed as workers became properly aware o f the locus of their grievances rather than merely experiencing untargeted, unfocused discontent. It was the very struggle against exploitation which would produce the conditions where workers were forced to organise collectively and behave as a class, a process which would create the awareness of class and distinct class interests (Callinicos, 2010). Marx argued that keeping workers separate from each other, part of a wider phenomenon of alienation experienced by wage labourers, was an essential component of the capitalist/bourgeois system of control (Hampsher-Monk, 1992). However, just as factory-based capitalism produced the industrial proletariat, so too did it produce shared ideas which inclined the working class towards socialist solutions to their unjust existence. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own gravediggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. (Marx Engels, 1967, 94) Marxism sees the bourgeoisie as naturall y taking measures to defend their class interests as well as their individual interests. Their most potent weapon is the state, Marx claiming that the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie. (Marx Engels, 1967, 82)   Marx viewed the state negatively and did not see it as a forum through which human emancipation and social justice could be achieved. The state was neither natural, neutral nor eternal, but simply a product of the era in which capitalism held sway. It was part of societys superstructure, a view reinforced and elaborated upon by Lenin in 1917 in The State and Revolution: The state is a product and a manifestation of the irreconcilability of class antagonisms. The state arises where, when and insofar as class antagonisms objectively cannot be reconciled. And, conversely, the existence of the state proves that the class antagonisms are irreconcilable. (Lenin, 1917, 9) Analysis of the state as the servant of capitalist vested interests demonstrates further the central and fundamental role class plays in Marxist theory. It effectively argues that there is a cohesive ruling class running capitalist societies. Despite frequent conflicts of interest among themselves, its constituent parts are ultimately united in defence of an economic and social system which works to their benefit. This dominant class, in contemporary Marxist theory, comprises not just the owners of capital, property and land, but includes senior management in large corporations, the top layers of the civil service, the judiciary, the diplomatic corps, military leaders and most of the leading figures in right-wing political parties, particularly conservative ones, although increasingly also figuring within centrist parties which have accepted the current neoliberal orthodoxy. While the owners of the means of production rarely hold any of the reins of political power, they are part of the same elite which provid es the political leadership. The state is almost permanently under the control of the ruling class of the age, while parliamentary politics and democratic elections are in large measure faÃÆ' §ades concealing the self-interest and ultimate control of this powerful class-based elite (Coxall Roberts, 1990). Among more recent strains of Marxian theory, Structuralist Marxists have contributed most substance to modern class analysis. Among their most salient arguments is the assertion that contemporary liberal-democratic states steer popular perceptions of political struggle away from class-conflict interpretations and towards discourses framed in terms of rights and justice. Although the state colludes in upholding and promoting a social and economic hierarchical class system, it successfully blinds the exploited to their exploitation (Resch, 1992). Furthermore, the contemporary ruling class prefers a state which does not overtly promote their material interests, but quietly upho lds their political interests. Among other activities, it does this in democratic states by redefining workers, who are in reality a class of people, as political subjects and autonomous citizens, thus isolating them from each other under the guise of upholding the rights of the individual. The aim is to hide the fact of class relationships between and among classes, and to persuade people into accepting that their interests are part of a fictional national interest and that the state is the surest and most legitimate defender of their freedoms and material interests (Poulantzas, 1973). This study agrees with the opening quotations assertion about the centrality of class to Marxist thought, and would add that it was also critical for the (overly) optimistic predictions of imminent proletarian revolution in The Communist Manifesto. The decision to use class as the epistemological prism through which to analyse socio-economic dynamics was essential for a theory which sought to expl ain almost all of human historys trajectory towards the contemporary situation of the mid 19th century à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" then project it forward as a teleological theory with an endpoint in the fairly near future. Class was the unifier of the theory, the motor of change and the provider of agency. Originally embarked upon to explain how the European transition from feudalism to capitalism occurred, it gradually transmuted into a metahistory of humankind (Hampsher-Monk, 1992). However, Marxs knowledge of history was selective and sketchy, and the further back in time that he went, the more speculative it became (Hobsbawm, 2011). Critically too, his analysis was Eurocentric, dismissed religion too easily, omitted gender relations, and was surprisingly dismissive of the power of ideas vis-ÃÆ'  -vis economic developments (Hughes-Warrington, 2000). As an explanatory tool, as a justification for revolution, as a motivator, and as a call to action Philosophers have hitherto only in terpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it, (Marx, 1994, 98) the concept of class has proved a vital, useful and enduring tool. Although global socio-economic structures have moved on immeasurably since Marx was writing a century-and-a-half ago, not only the concept of class, but also the very terminologies used by him (proletariat, bourgeoisie, relations of production) are still the coinage of discourse in much Marxist writing. Depending upon one ones point of view, this is either an attestation of the enduring truths contained within his perceptive writings, or else a dogmatic adherence to semi-sacred texts akin to biblical fundamentalists refusing to accept that the Old Testament is anything other than literal truth. Word Count: 2141 Bibliography Bullock, A. Stallybrass, O., 1977. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought. London: Fontana. Callinicos, A., 2010. The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx. 2nd Edition ed. London: Bookmarks. Coxall, B. Roberts, Lynton, 1990. Contemporary British Politics. London: Macmillan. Dahrendorf, R., 1959. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Daniels, R. V., 2007. The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia. New haven: Yale University Press. Engels, F., 1970. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880). New York: Mondial. Hampsher-Monk, I., 1992. Modern Political Thought. Oxford: Blackwell. Hobsbawm, E., 2011. How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism. London: Abacus. Honderich, T., ed., 1995. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hughes-Warrington, M., 2000. Fifty Key Thinkers on History. London: Routledge. Lenin, V., 1917. The State and Revolution. London: Central Books. Ma rx, K., 1994. Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. Marx, K., 2014. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859). London: Forgotten Books. Marx, K. Engels, F., 1967. The Communist Manifesto (1848). Harmondsworth: Penguin. Muravchik, J., 2002. Marxism. Foreign Policy, Nov/Dec, Issue 133, pp. 36-38. Parkin, F., 1979. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique. New York: Columbia University Press. Poulantzas, N., 1973. Political Power and Social Classes. London: New Left. Resch, R. P., 1992. Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory. Berkeley: University of California Press. Wheen, F., 1999. Karl Marx. London: Fourth Estate.

Ethical Theories Supporting Different Moral Perspectives...

Introduction There are numerous ethical theories supporting different moral perspectives of human actions. The various theories differ according to the way in which they require people to act, and in their fundamental arguments. Because of different perspectives and philosophical views, no ethical theory can be said to be superior to the other. The paper that follows describes and defends the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Reasons why Utilitarianism is the Correct Ethical Theory i. It reinforces rationality in judging the morality of actions. ii. It is based on sound premises and is not rigid as traditional ethical codes. iii. It makes moral judgments to be objectively true. Overview of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and best known ethical theories. Just like other versions of consequentialism, utilitarianism is premised on the idea that whether an act is morally wrong or right depends on its effects. Essentially, the only aspects of an action stat are important to a utilitarian are the effects the act produces. There are two categories of utilitarianism: act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. According to rule utilitarianism, a particular action is morally right if it conforms to some justified moral rules. This perspective implies that the morality of individual actions should be evaluated in reference to existing general moral rules. Act utilitarianism is often regarded as the most natural interpretation of the ethical theory ofShow MoreRelatedEthical Egoism as Moral Theory Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesframework, ethical egoism fails as a moral theory to assist moral decision making because it endorses the animalistic nature of humanity, fa ils to provide a viable solution to a conflict of interest, and is proved to be an evolutionary unstable moral strategy. Outline: Ethical egoism claims that all our actions can be reduced to self-interest. 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Developing a stakeholder’s relations management strategy around crisis simulations would be helpful to guide corporate actions when the crisis has developed. According to Crane Matten (2010), stake holders are identified

Buns Of Steel Sex Appeal Essay Example For Students

Buns Of Steel Sex Appeal Essay John Darcey Darcey 1 Professor GarberHm 46March 5thBuns of Steel and Sex AppealIt seems in the past decade more and more attention has been put on firm buttocks and thighs on women. Susan J.Douglas wrote an article called ? Flex Appeal, Buns of Steel, and the Body in Question?. It addresses this fad in a womans point of view. Douglas, who was a teacher and free lance writer has had many of her article appear in The Village Voice. It seems from the tone of this article that Douglas is disgusted by the emphasis put on the female body and has probably had struggles with weight herself, as many women these days have had. Douglas points out in her article all of the publicity that has been put on womens hindquarters. It seems like everywhere you go you can catch a glimpse of a womans tight rear end or firm thighs. On billboards, magazine covers, articles, television, just about anywhere you can put a butt you will see one. Douglas says ? ?not just in Vogue or Cosmo, either: even in the Vi llage Voice,? has ads for products such as the videotape called Buns of Steel.? (Douglas 181) There is also an enormity of exercise videos making claims like ? Now you can have the Buns you always wanted?. The author also points out two ads that Darcey 2show perfect bottoms with slogans like ? Youve worked hard? and ?If you work it shows?. (Douglas 182) Douglas seems offended by this rebutting ?meaning if you have been slacking off, that will show too?. (Douglas 182) I personally think that if it were actually that easy, we would all have ?buns of steel?. Douglas brings up something that most of us have never thought of before. She seems to think that expected woman to have tight behinds is trying to make them more like men. She claims that this is a ?distortion of feminism? (Douglas 182) She then goes onto say ? ?that ambitious women want, or should want, to be just like men, especially those men committed to the most competitive, inhumane, macho aspects of patriarchy. I dont really see the connection, being that I am sure woman like firm buns on men too. It seems that Douglas is ashamed of her own body as you can see in the statement ?They insist that the rest of us should feel only one thing when we put on a bathing suit: profound mortification.? (Douglas 181) I dont think that any women should feel ashamed of her body in a bathing suit or anything else for that matter. Douglas explains how women naturally have more fat than men do, in order to carry babies. This is another reason she came to the theory of the public wanting women to be more like men. She also make a sarcastic statement ?A real women, of any Darcey 3age, will get off her butt and, by overcoming her sloth, not just get in shape, but conquer genetics and history.? (Douglas 182)According to the article this buttock and thigh craze started in the eighties. It seems, according to Douglas, that the popularity of thighs and buttocks much overrode the popularity of breast. The reason, she explains, it that even flat chested women can have a goal of ?buns of steel?.I feel that part of this is that sexual oriented matters where becoming more public on television in ads. It was probably the first decade that it was acceptable to blatantly display womens rear ends. When all of the regular women saw this, and how the media connected it to sexuality and wealthiness it became a craze. In addition to that men came to think that is what to expect from a women, and therefore put more pressure on their own girlfriends and wives to look like the models. Dougl as says ?The key to huge profits was to emphasize beauty over health, sexuality over fitness, and to equate thin thighs with wealth and status?. (Douglas 182) Douglas says this is Reaganism, which means that appearances are just as important as character. .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b , .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b .postImageUrl , .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b , .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b:hover , .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b:visited , .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b:active { border:0!important; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b:active , .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u76e4c0741b0e8aceda4838516eecd32b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Loewen Group Case Study EssayAnother controversy of this topic is that all these ads show a nice figure as a sign of discipline. The author seems upset with this, because women with desk jobs that Darcey 4work harder than the one who happen to have the time that work out all the time, are considered lazy because of there appearance. The author also seems to disagree with the word cellulite, saying that a women who has it will be ?dismissed as slothful and lacking moral fiber? (Douglas 182) Who question seems to be, what does a tight butt say about the women and her character. She believes, and I tend to agree, nothing at all. She states in her article ?Females buns of ste el mark a woman as a desirable piece of ass, yet someone who can actually kick ass when necessary?. (Douglas 183) In this statement she in insinuated that a strong but doesnt actually add to physical strength. The actual point of Douglas article seems to be that so much emphasis should not be put on tight buns, and more on the accomplishments of the women. Personally, I have known many girls that were so consumed with their weight and the size of their butt it became an obsession. I think Douglas is right about the media and the influence, but I also feel she is reading to much into the matter. Physical attractiveness whether it is buttocks, breast, thighs or legs will always be around for men or for women. I think the general public just has to remember that the women you see on TV are one in a million and it can not be expected for all of them to look like that. Darcey 5Works CitedDoouglas, Susan J. ?Flex Appeal, Buns of Steel, and the Body in Question?. Complements. Anna Katsavos ; Elizabeth Wheeler, McGrw Hill inc. Paris, 1930

Stigma and Mental Health in South Africa †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Stigma and Mental Health in South Africa. Answer: Stigma Stigma and discrimination have been linked with some diseases and hence form part of global public health concerns. Treatment stigma leads to barriers to sick people that hinders them from getting access to health care and hence the lack of compliance (Clement et al., 2015). Stigma leads to problems related to ignorance and issues linked to knowledge and attitude. Stigma exists in two forms: the self and public stigma. These types of stigma are related to each such that one can lead to the other. However, the various types of stigma have a different effect on people with health problems. For instance, people who have mental illnesses suffer to go through psychological and social disturbances due to psychiatric stigma. According to Hatzenbuehler et al., 2013, stigma leads to low self-esteem, social isolation, and marginalization of the sick people in the society. In this case, such people cannot get employment opportunities, social support services, houses, and security. These problem s make it difficult for the sick people to seek health care. This situation becomes worse when health stigma is coupled to inequalities in resource allocation and poor access to health care services (Kakuma et al., 2010). The term stigma was first used by the Greeks to refer to the slaves who had marks on their body to identify them. It means that there is something bad about a particular person and hence it is a social attitude which is used towards mental illnesses. In its capacity, stigma is a social disgrace and it discredits a person. It is also and indicates a discrepancy that exists in the virtual social identity of a person in relation to their actual social identity (Lund et al., 2010). When stigma discredits the abilities of a person, then they can make an assumption concerning the persons' abilities leading to some sorts of discrimination. The stigmatized person is dehumanized and their status is reduced in terms of the social values such that they are viewed to be having flaws and hence they have less average as compared to other members of the society. Resources for mental illnesses The services offered for the mental illnesses are inadequate all over the world. This is because as progress is made in improving services for other diseases in health care, no progress is made for mental illnesses (Egbe et al., 2014). There are some vices like prejudice, stigma, and ignorance against this category of patients which has led to widespread inequality in terms of mental health care resources. The problem is worse especially from the low and medium income countries where resources for mental illness are neglected. In most of the psychiatric hospitals, the hospitals are unsuitable for use by the patients. Mental health in South Africa South Africa is categorized as a middle-income nation with approximately 47 million people. However, the country has several socioeconomic risk factors which can cause mental illnesses and other forms of disability (Burns, 2014). Being the epicenter of HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa has the highest prevalence rate of this disease. High rates of HIV are associated with a high number of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, dementia, depression and psychosis. This leads to high mortality resulting from HIV leaving many children orphaned and as heads of homes. As a result, there are high levels of poverty, unemployment, inequality, violence, trauma and poverty, which are risk factors for the development of mental illnesses (Cluver and Orkin, 2009). This causes a high burden of mental illnesses and other forms of disabilities in the society. South Africa is a signatory t the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of Persons with disabilities. The country is also commi tted to a domestic treaty for preserving the rights of people who have mental disabilities. This is officiated in an act, the Mental Health Care Act 2002. Based on this legislation, South Africa is committed to compulsory reporting of abuses, protection of property and admission of mentally ill persons. Moreover, the Mental Health Care in South Africa provided for a decentralized provision of health care from the large psychiatric centers to the offering of community-based mental health services. However, this legislation has not been properly implemented because there was no proper funding to enable the training of personnel, provision of facilities at community care centers. This has led to a high number of chronic issues throughout South Africa on the basis of the provision of treatment and rehabilitation of people suffering from mental illnesses. Stigma and mental illnesses Due to disparities in wealth ownership and access to care to the mentally ill people in South Africa, the social and health systems have been paralyzed. The mental health disorders are sometimes associated with deaths arising from committing suicide, and low rate of life expectancy. In other cases, this class of paper may undergo individual or collective suffering moments. As Williams et al., (2008) argues, stigma linked to mental illnesses is because such people are less productive, less socially and physically activity and their increased dependence on their families for care. Reducing the cases of stigma is thus an important step in improving the lives of the mentally ill people. For instance, some stereotypes used by the public portray the mentally ill people to be violent, dependent, unstable psychologically, dangerous and unfit to get married. These stereotypes do not consider the severity or the level of recovery that the mental illness patients go through. Thus this stigmatiz ation causes a spoiled to them. Bearing in mind the stigma that the mentally ill people go through in the society, it is crucial that the health care centers where these patients seek treatment from refrain from judging them. This is because the manner in which the health care providers treat the mentally ill patients determines their personal and situational beliefs as well as personal attitudes that they develop towards the society. This can create a conceptualization of the practical practices with which the community views and treats the mentally ill persons. In most cases, the health care personnel feel afraid to handle the stigma which the people with mental illnesses go through. However, South Africa has made a step ahead and decentralized the mental illness care into the primary health care exposes many health care workers to giving care to mental illness people (Vorster et al., 2000). Initially, there was a stigma among the health care providers towards the people with mental illnesses. For instance, the h ealth care workers had less optimism in making the prognosis for people with mental illnesses. It is, therefore, important for policies to be implemented which ensure that the health care professionals do not stigmatize the people with mental illnesses. This will help in shaping a positive health care outcome among these patients and reduce mortalities that could arise from mental illnesses (World Health Organization. Dept. of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, 2005). The health care system in South Africa is organized in a way that it can provide acute health care and inequities between the public and private health care centers. For this disease burden, South Africa has a chronic epidemic which needs to be addressed by the health care professionals by making reorganizations in the integrated health care in managing mental illnesses. As it is, South Africa has a large treatment gap among the mental treatments which is largely caused by the health care professionals who stigmatize the people with mental illnesses (Berg, 2003). As measures are being put in providing access to h ealth care by these people, it is crucial that measures are also put in place to address the issue concerning stigmatization of people with mental illnesses in South Africa. This will result in an increased uptake of mental illness treatment alongside the widespread acceptability of the programs and services. This is in the process of health care re-organization that the South African health care system is going through. For proper measures to be put in place to help the people with mental illnesses, it is important for the policy makers to have a clear understanding of the stigma that these patients go through. Therefore most interventions for people with mental illnesses should be aimed at reducing the social stigma. According to Saxena et al., (2007), the psychiatric stigma originates from several reasons which in most cases are from beliefs concerning mental disorders. Many of such misconceptions as well as traditional beliefs cause stigmatization in their own capacity. Other beliefs that cause stigma make these mentally ill people delay in seeking treatment. For instance, mental illness as a deliberate act is a stigma which originates from the members of the community which makes them believe that the mentally ill people pretend to be sick (Mayosi et al., 2009). In this case, the community beliefs that the mentally ill people act from the symptoms of mental illnesses and this perception makes th e mentally ill people delay in getting medical help from health care facilities. Most of the Black South African has a stigma that the mentally ill people are bewitched. This belief makes the families of such patients opt to seek help from traditional healers instead of modern health care therapeutics. The origins of stigma are on the basis of the caveats in traditional beliefs and knowledge concerning the causes of mental illnesses which lead to abuse of human rights among the mental illness people (Bockting et al., 2013). As a result, the stigmatization of the people with mental illnesses emanates from a combination of several problems such as behavior, knowledge, and attitudes. References Berg, A., 2003. Ancestor reverence and mental health in South Africa. Transcultural Psychiatry, 40(2), pp.194-207. Bockting, W.O., Miner, M.H., Swinburne Romine, R.E., Hamilton, A. and Coleman, E., 2013. Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American journal of public health, 103(5), pp.943-951. Burns, J.K., 2011. The mental health gap in South Africa: A human rights issue. The Equal Rights Review, 6(99), pp.99-113. Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rsch, N., Brown, J.S.L. and Thornicroft, G., 2015. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological medicine, 45(1), pp.11-27. Cluver, L. and Orkin, M., 2009. Cumulative risk and AIDS-orphanhood: Interactions of stigma, bullying and poverty on child mental health in South Africa. Social science medicine, 69(8), pp.1186-1193. Egbe, C.O., Brooke-Sumner, C., Kathree, T., Selohilwe, O., Thornicroft, G. and Petersen, I., 2014. Psychiatric stigma and discrimination in South Africa: Perspectives from key stakeholders. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), p.191. Hatzenbuehler, M.L., Phelan, J.C. and Link, B.G., 2013. Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. American journal of public health, 103(5), pp.813-821. Kakuma, R., Kleintjes, S., Lund, C., Drew, N., Green, A. and Flisher, A.J., 2010. Mental Health Stigma: what is being done to raise awareness and reduce stigma in South Africa?: original article. African Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2), pp.116-124. Lund, C., Kleintjes, S., Kakuma, R., Flisher, A.J. and MHaPP Research Programme Consortium, 2010. Public sector mental health systems in South Africa: inter-provincial comparisons and policy implications. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 45(3), pp.393-404. Mayosi, B.M., Lawn, J.E., Van Niekerk, A., Bradshaw, D., Karim, S.S.A., Coovadia, H.M. and Lancet South Africa team, 2012. Health in South Africa: changes and challenges since 2009. The Lancet, 380(9858), pp.2029-2043. Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., Knapp, M. and Whiteford, H., 2007. Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. The lancet, 370(9590), pp.878-889. Vorster, H.H., Venter, C.S., Kruger, H.S., Kruger, A., Malan, N.T., Wissing, M.P., De Ridder, J.H., Veldman, F.J., Steyn, H.S., Margetts, B.M. and MacIntyre, U., 2000. The impact of urbanization on physical, physiological and mental health of Africans in the North West Province of South Africa: the THUSA study. South African Journal of Science, 96. Williams, D.R., Herman, A., Stein, D.J., Heeringa, S.G., Jackson, P.B., Moomal, H. and Kessler, R.C., 2008. Twelve-month mental disorders in South Africa: prevalence, service use and demographic correlates in the population-based South African Stress and Health Study. Psychological medicine, 38(02), pp.211-220. World Health Organization. Dept. of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, 2005. Mental health atlas 2005. World Health Organization.

The history of the Christian Church

Introduction The history of the Christian Church was an eventful process that was characterized by several periods marked by particular events and personalities. This paper looks at some of those events and personalities that shaped the Church as we know it today. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section (A) is concerned with the definition of some of the important concepts in the life of the Church. Section B provides a summary of some of the important events in the Church history.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The history of the Christian Church specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definition of Terms Germanic Tribes These were Indo-European ethnolinguistic people whose origin could be traced to the northern part of Europe, and who were distinguishable by their Germanic languages. The word Germanic was coined during the classical by Roman authors to refer to certain tribal groupings considered ph ysical and less intellectual than the Romans. Carolingian Renaissance This referred to the era of cultural movements during the late eighth century. It was the foremost medieval Renaissance that happened in the course of the rule of Carolingian rulers. It was marked with a rise in the amount of literature liturgical changes and architecture. Scholasticism This referred to a technique of analytical thinking and defending dogma that governed the teachings in universities around Europe during the medieval period. It focused on acquisition of knowledge by deduction in resolving contradictions. Saint Francis Saint Francis of Assisi was a priest of the Roman Catholic Church who created the Order of Friars Minor for men. He also set up the women’s group of the Order of Saint Clare. Beguines These were people belonging to a grouping that originated in the medieval period. It was started by a group of single women and widows who dedicated themselves to a life of prayer and good deeds after they lost their men in battles and during the crusades. Petrarch Often referred to as the father of Humanism, Francesco Petrarch was a poet and an Aretine intellectual who existed in Italy during the Renaissance period. He rediscovered the correspondences of Cicero’s, which were credited for triggering the Renaissance during the fourteenth-century.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marsilio Ficino Ficino was among the most prominent humanist academics during the early Renaissance in Italy. He was also an astrologer and was the first to translate the surviving works of Plato into Latin. Zwingli Huldrych Zwingli was one of the people who spearheaded reformation in his country, Switzerland. He was the only significant reformer whose movement did not metamorphose into a church. Anabaptists Anabaptists were a group of Christians who revolted against the system of baptis m during the sixteenth-century Radical Reformation in Europe. They advocated for re-baptism, and disputed the credibility of the baptism that was administered to infants. Avignon Papacy This term was used to refer to the period in the Roman Catholic Church when the papacy was centered in Avignon, in France. Martin Luther referred to this period as the ‘Babylonian captivity of the popes.’ Black Death This was one of the most disturbing pandemics that had ever been witnessed in human history. The plague was said to have been caused by the Yersinia bacteria and resulted in the deaths of over 100 million people. Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch Christian who was a scholarly authority in Europe. Though he advocated for and contributed to the protestant reformation, he took a strong stance against violence and criticized Martin Luther for his radical rhetoric.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The history of the Christian Church specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More 1517 C.E This was the period that marked the beginning of protestant reforms in the history of the church when Martin Luther wrote his ’95 Theses.’ In the theses Luther attacked some practices in the Roman Catholic Church. In 1521, he was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. Jesuits Also referred to as the Society of Jesus, it was a Christian grouping with an entirely male membership. The congregation was established by Ignatius Loyola upon his religious conversion after he was wounded in war. Spiritual Exercises These were a collection of Christian prayers, meditations, and mental practices designed by Ignatius Loyola. The exercises were distributed within one month, and were intended to bring the believer closer to Christ. Hernan Cortez Cortez was a Spanish explorer who headed a mission that instigated the collapse of the Aztec Empire. He was part of the initial group of Spanish colonizers who en tered the Americas. Lady of Guadalupe This was the title bestowed upon the Virgin Mary associated with a miracle in which she appeared to one of the natives of Mexico. Currently, there is a renowned image put up in the Basilica of Guadalupe. Old Believers This term was used in reference to a collection of Russians who rebelled against certain changes to the Orthodox liturgy. The reforms were forced on the Russian Orthodox Church by Nikon. 1492 C.E This was the period in church history that was characterized by a mass expulsion of Jews from Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain signed a document that saw the removal of all Jews from Spain on the reason that they were not willing to convert to Christianity.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Summary Christian Asceticism Christianity has brought to fruition every part of the various forms of ascetic practices. Though the New Testament Gospels do not discuss asceticism, the theme highlighted therein about following in the footsteps of Christ provided a good starting point for ascetic practice within Christianity. The chapters on asceticism traced asceticism to the first letter that Paul wrote to the Corinthians. In this communication, Paul uses the analogy of an athlete that needs to prepare himself regularly to win a race. The chapter also depicted how self-denial, vigils and abstaining from food were practiced in early Christianity. The authors also discuss some of the early sects of Christianity such as the Encratites, in which asceticism was practiced. In the early church, ascetics lived within communities and played their roles. Celibacy along with martyrdom characterized the lives of the first ascetics. In the late third century, monasticism, which was an ascetic pr actice, came from Egypt. It was also thought that bits of monasticism came from Mesopotamia. It was adopted into Christianity and was practiced in the form of cenobitism. It got prominence after Christianity was declared the official religion of the Roman Empire (Hastings 48). The chapter indicated that particular traits of asceticism surfaced in early Methodism, Puritanism and the Oxford Movement despite the fact that ascetic practices were discarded by those who were spearheading the Protestant Reformation. Calvinism and Pietism also showed traits of asceticism. The protestant work ethics could be seen as a form of asceticism that required a rejection of pleasures obtained from material things even when legitimately obtained. The Christian Empire Constantine’s conversion to Christianity played a big role in transforming the Roman Empire into a Christian Empire. The chapter on the adoption of Christianity in the Roman Empire highlighted some of the challenges the implementat ion faced including resistance from the traditional Roman cultures. Christians also faced a hard task of transitioning from a relatively unknown religion to the mainstream religion practiced by the emperor. The chapter also highlighted some of the institutions that had to be created to meet the increased responsibilities while retaining the essence of the message carried in the Gospel. Constantine was made the Roman Emperor in 306. His conversion took place during a battle that involved his brother-in-law who was called Maxentius. He claimed to have had a vision in which God instructed him to imprint a holy sign, which he would carry into battle. From the chapter, it was not clear when Constantine developed a liking for Christianity. What was clear was the fact that his mother, Helena might have exposed him to Christianity during his youth. However, the emperor did not obtain baptism until towards the end of his life. Making Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire was the biggest moment in the spread of Christianity and shaped the way Christianity under the Roman Catholic Church was practiced. Constantine became the patron of the early Christian Church, and under his leadership the church became more institutionalized. Constantine also instructed the supply of Bibles to Christians living in Constantinople. That action encouraged early publication of Bibles such as the Codex Sinaiticus. Reformation This chapter discusses the Protestant Reformation and the exodus from the Roman Catholic Church (Somervill 102). This chapter outlines the role played by Martin Luther and his ‘95 Theses’ in instigating the reform. It also looks at John Calvin and other influential figures during this period of church history such as Ulrich Zwingli and John Knox. Luther began his dissent of the Roman Catholic Church by condemning the corrupt practice of selling indulgences in exchange for absolution (Bainton 296). The debate later grew to involve other iss ues such as celibacy and the authority invested in the papacy. The Protestant Reformation began at a time when many groups of people were discontented with the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church. Most political leaders who supported the Reformation were unhappy with the amount of political power wielded by the papacy. Merchants also supported the Reformation since they did like the taxes imposed by the Roman Catholic Church. A major motivation throughout the progression of the Protestant Reformation was humanism. Erasmus was the most esteemed among the scholars that spearheaded the Protestant Reformation. He advocated for a restoration to the original Christian sources. Erasmus published his Treatise on Free Will in 1522. A reply by Martin Luther titled ‘On the Bondage of Free Will’ indicated how divergent their fundamentals regarding church reformation were. Though Luther, Zwingli, Melanchthon, Bullinger, Bucer, and Calvin founded their quest for reform on the pri nciples of the early church fathers, their radical views were characterized by their interpretation of the Bible. The Protestant Reformation resulted in cultural, political and social changes. Governmental structures that had been designed taking into consideration the Roman authority had to be realigned while groups who had hitherto been used to the Roman cultures and norms transitioned to new norms that resulted from the radical reforms. The Holy Russia Chapter The Christian faction that formed the Russian Orthodox Church was allegedly formed by Apostle Andrew while visiting Scythia and other Greek colonies (Garrard and Garrard 181). Legend has it that Andrew put up a cross at Kiev and predicted the growth a vast Christian city. It was in that spot that the Saint Andrews cathedral was built. The eastern parts of eastern Russia were under the control of the customs of the Roman Empire by the conclusion of the first millennium AD. The translation of the Bible into Slavonic that was done by Saint Methodius leveled the way for adoption of Christianity by the Slavs. The Eastern Orthodox Church parted ways with the Roman Catholic Church due to doctrinal differences and issues concerning the supremacy of the papacy. The Eastern Orthodox faithful accused their Roman Catholic counterparts of diverging from the teachings of the first seven ecumenical councils. The Russian Orthodox Church would also face its own division known as the Old Believer’s schism. Some members of the clergy and lay leaders of the church misunderstood the reforms that had been suggested by Patriarch Nikon and dissented from the mainstream church authority. Mysticism in the History of the Church Mystic practices of the Church generated increased yearning for God at a time when many church adherents were fed up with certain practices within the church leadership such as nepotism, corruption and selling of indulgences. Such Christians sought direct experience with God in order to avoid the doctrines they did not like in the Church. Mysticism was also in response to the intellectual workings of scholasticism where people’s doctrines were used in almost all aspects of worship. In response, mysticism sought to encourage a direct relationship with God through prayer and meditation. Known mystics in the history of the Church included Ignatius Loyola and Teresa of Avila (McColman 49). The void that was left during the Avignon Papacy and the Great religious Schism that happened during the last parts of the fourteenth century was an additional reason that encouraged mysticism in the early Church. While the pope was operating from France, some Christians felt that there was no actual leadership within the church. Due to this lack of direction, many Christians took to mysticism to communicate with God directly. The bubonic plague also played a major role in increasing mystic practices within the Church. The resultant uncertainty of life caused by the numerous deaths made people more spiritual and increased their hunger to improve their experience with God. The gender bias within the ranks of the Church also pushed some women faithful into mysticism. Christina of Markyate was one such Christian. She wanted to be a nun, but her parents disagreed with her decision and sent a man to take her virginity. She, however, managed to convince the man her parents had sent. She went to live as a nun under the guardianship of a monk called Roger. She became a nun in St. Albins and later became an important authority on England’s national issues. Catherine of Sienna, another female mystic, nursed people all through the bubonic plague. Therefore, she championed the notion of marriage to Christ. There were several similarities that existed between mysticism and the protestant Reformation. Like the protestant reformation that sought to do away with intermediaries in worship, mysticism sought direct relationship with deity. However, it was important to note th at mysticism was not in rebellion toward Church authority. Conclusion Christianity certainly has a rich history that involves the contributions of many influential figures. The state of Christianity is still undergoing metamorphosis and more changes can be expected in the future. Works Cited Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009. Print. Garrard, John and Carol Garrard. Russian Orthodoxy Resurgent: Faith and Power in the New Russia, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008. Print. Hastings, Adrian. A World History of Christianity, United Kingdom: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. Print. McColman, Carl. The Big Book of Christian Mysticism: The Essential Guide to Contemplative Spirituality, Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Publishing, 2010. Print. Somervill, Barbara. Martin Luther: Father of the Reformation, Minneapolis: Capstone, 2006. Print. This essay on The history of the Christian Church was written and submitted by user Josiah Miranda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rise of Hitler source study Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Rise of Hitler source study Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Rise of Hitler source study Source 1 A 1924 right-wing German political cartoon showing Philipp Scheidemann , the German Social Democratic politician who proclaimed the Weimar Republic and was its second Chancellor, and Matthias Erzberger , an anti-war politician from the Centre Party, who signed the armistice with the Allies, as stabbing the German Army in the back Source 2 "The older section of the middle class, comprising artisans, small retailers and peasant farmers, formed the core of the support for Hitler, and were showing support for him before the Depression; theirs was a disillusionment with the structure and policies of the Republic itself. To these was subsequently added the weight of much of the new middle class- the non-manual employees, civil servants and teachers- who aligned themselves with Nazism as a direct result of the Depression. Stephen Lee, historian Using s ource one, explain how some German s view ed the Weimar Republic . 5 marks Using the sources and your own knowledge, examine reasons why some Germans believed the Weimar government had stabbed them in the back'. 10 marks Using the sources and your own knowledge, analyse reasons why Germans supported Hitler . 10 marks

A Bad Time to Raise Children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Bad Time to Raise Children - Research Paper Example In the modern day, with the advent of technology and the prevalence of various risk factors, children remain exposed to a multitude of negative influences that hamper their development. Therefore, the present day is a bad time to raise children because there are several factors that could adversely impact the growing teenagers such as media, social environment and parenting deficiencies. With the advent of technology, various media contents are becoming easily accessible to people, due to which these have become very common place. Furthermore, in the present day, the concept of freedom of expression receives high consideration and, therefore, the process of censorship of the media content has become highly liberal. The public is being bombarded with various media content including movies, TV shows, print and web media etc. In this scenario, movies, TV shows, and video games etc contain a lot of sex and violence, which can negatively impact children. Research studies conducted on the topic suggest that â€Å"exposure to violent media early in life is a precursor to increased aggressive behavior later in life† (Kirsh 36). Similarly, video games, which are easily accessible in abundance, have become very popular among children and adolescents. These games also contain a lot of violent materials that excite youngsters. Thus, they remain engaged in this activity f or prolonged hours daily. This habit, apart from provoking violent behavior in children, presents the content that encourages them to remain engrossed in this activity, thus diverting their attention from core areas like studies, project work etc. Besides, the easy and cheap availability of computer and internet expose the children to harmful content. In today’s world, any child can view web content of any kind by using his or her personal computer. Thus, in the present day, parents have to exercise extreme caution to make sure that their children do not over-engage in

Sickness and healing - An Anthropological Perspective Essay

Sickness and healing - An Anthropological Perspective - Essay Example Disease accounts; whereby the biomedicine’s recognizes the body as the cause and remedy of sickness and lastly, disorder accounts; whereby the imbalances are the main source of illness and means to cure. He refuses the concept of culture-bound syndrome because he believes that it is based on anthropological and psychiatric notions and; therefore, it is culturally biased. The cultural difference in health and illness presents and makes people understand the symptoms of the disease. He goes ahead to explain that the individual and social experiences of illness are termed as a complex process, and; hence, the physiological expression of these diseases are becoming the main concern among medical anthropologists and something needs to be done. Hahn also gives an example of sociocultural influences on low-birth-weight between black and white infants. He says anthropology and epidemiology are can make a conclusion on this social-medical problem. This evidence can illustrate how the t wo disciplines can make individuals understand the complexity of a disturbing problem. It serves as a powerful means that shows individuals the benefits of looking at sickness and heals from both sociocultural and biomedical perspectives3. There are different ways in which individuals respond to sickness from one society to another. Hahn concludes that anthropology is exclusively found on investigations of subjective States and expresses that sociocultural phenomena should be included in the medical epistemology and should be practiced4.

Marketing Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Theory and Practice - Essay Example Consumers make varied decisions due to the fact that they have different needs and they view issues differently. However, there is a generality in behavior especially when it comes to decision making purchasing. This is the reason that makes it possible to attract the attention of many consumers with a single marketing strategy such as advertisement or attractive packaging and display. However, consumers usually tend to be predisposed towards tangible offers. There are several models that are used by marketers to identify the aspects of decision making process. This essay is a critical analysis of the aspects of the consumer decision making process. It begins with consumers identifying their needs whereby they recognize that there is a gap that requires to be filled in regard to their desires. Need identification can either be gradual or swift which depends on necessity of the commodity in question and the personality of the consumer. At this point, consumers exhibit individual characteristics that are dependent on their standards of living, awareness, feelings and stimulus (Clarke, D.B. 2003). Customers usually focus on past experiences and memories of the utility derived from purchasing particular commodities. They compare the present situation with that in which they will be in possession of the commodity. Socio-economic and cultural factors are also part of the issues that influence need identification. Need identification is usually dependent on the availability of financial resources to acquire goods or services. This means that the need for a particular item in the market may be suppressed by financial difficulties. Cust omers are influenced by social factors whereby they compare the necessity of a certain commodity with another in a family setting. They tend to arrange their purchasing needs in order of importance in to the family (Batra & Kazmi 2004). For example the decision to purchase a computer in the house may be

Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module

Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module for Laser Frequency Stabilization A.Rastogi1, N. Batra, S.De2, S.Panja and A. Sen Gupta Introduction Frequency stabilized lasers are a crucial part in variety of atom-photon experiments such as atomic spectroscopy [1], laser cooling [2], probing the excited states of atoms [3] etc. Depending on the application, a stability in bandwidth from few MHz to sub Hz maybe required. It is therefore, essential to stabilize the frequency of a laser source to an absolute reference. Atoms or ultra stable fabry- perot cavities are used for this purpose [4]. Such stabilization schemes require electronic feedback / servo loops that allow for a correction in laser frequency deviation. At CSIR-NPL, we are developing the first optical frequency standard in India with a single trapped Ytterbium ion (171Yb+). The project aims at trapping a single Yb ion in a Paul trap, laser cooling the ion to about mK temperatures for a precise frequency measurement of the ultranarrow octupole transition at a wavelength of 467 nm. The 171Yb+ frequency standard will require a simultaneous operation of five lasers for photoionization (399 nm), cooling (369 nm), repumping (935 nm and 760 nm) and probing the clock transition (467 nm) [5]. All the laser lights for our experiment would be produced from extended cavity diode lasers (ECDL) which drift in their frequencies due to environmental factors as temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations. Such drifting renders them unstable and hence, incorporating frequency stabilization systems becomes an essential requirement for precise frequency standards. In general a frequency stabilization of a laser, as for example using saturated ab sorption spectroscopy [6], requires the use of a frequency synthesizer for scanning and modulation of the laser frequency , lock-in amplifier for phase sensitive detection, low / high pass filters, and servo electronics for feeding control signals to the piezo / current terminals of the laser. Instead of procuring these analog modules for each of the lasers used in our experiment, we have taken an effort of developing them indigenously with an all digital control using field programmable gate array technology(FPGA). Hence, the functionality of all the hardware components can be embedded inside a single chip. In this paper, we present an FPGA based laser frequency stabilization design and show some preliminary results of the performance of the FPGA design modules. An active laser feedback control loop mainly consists of a lock-in amplifier (providing phase sensitive detection) and a PID controller. As mentioned earlier, the controller generates correction signals that drive either a piezo attached to the laser cavity (as in case of ECDL lasers) or a current so as to adjust the laser frequency. Using FPGAs the entire functionality of a laser frequency locking system can be implemented in a single chip with an area of few mm2 . Moreover, the truly concurrent nature of FPGA processing algorithms results in the FPGA design modules behaving like dedicated hardware circuits. Minimal use of hardware leads to lesser probability of picking up noise from the surroundings and also reduces cost. The FPGAs could always be reprogrammed to incorporate extra adders, multipliers, filters i.e. they provide re-configurability. FPGAs are programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as Verilog-HDL or VHDL. We have implemented the laser frequency locking modules using VHDL. A schematic of various VHDL design modules implementing a laser frequency locking setup is shown in Fig.1. In our module, the FPGA chip (Xilinx Spartan 6 XCSLX16) receives an input signal either from an atomic spectroscopy or from a fabry-perot cavity[4] [6] .As shown in Fig.1, the acousto-optic modulator (AOM) does amplitude modulations of the laser signal resulting in variations in the intensity of light at the photodetector output. This modulated signal at the photodiode output is the derivative of the laser absorption signal i.e. proportional to the slope of a resonant feature. At a resonant frequency, the derivative signal is zero and on both sides of resonance, the derivative signal is 180 degrees in phase. This signal is the input to the FPGA systemwhich is then digitised using a 12-bit A/D converter (AD7476) and then passed through a high pass filter component. High pass filtering extracts the high frequency modulated features from the input signal. The filtered signal then goes to the input of the lock-in amplifier component (that implements phase sensitive detection). The reference signal for the lock-in amplifier comes from a VHDL component that implements a square DDS generator. A phase shifted version of this reference signal can be used by the AOM to amplitude modulate the laser signal. The lock-in amplifier component demodulates the modulated photodiode signal by multiplying it with the reference signal followed by low pass filtering thereby generating what is called an error signal. The error signal contains information as to which side of resonance, the laser frequency is. This signal is then processed by a PID controller component. The control signals generated by the PID component adjust the laser piezo and current signals in such a way so as to ensure that the error signal is always zero (which corresponds to a resonant frequency).Many a times, it is needed to just scan over the complete laser spectrum or to zoom in on a particular spectral feature. In this case, the PID action is disabled and a slow triangular scan signal (generated by a scan generator component) is fed to the laser piezo.All signals coming out of the FPGA are converted into the analog form via 12-bit DAC (DAC121S101). Moreover, to aid in the flexible tuning of locking parameters such as the lock-in gain, PID parameters, modulation frequency and phase, scan amplitude and frequency ; we are working on developing a graphical user interface (GUI) that would allow easy access to and modification of the parameters values inside the FPGA registers. Figure 1: A schematic of an FPGA based closed loop laser frequency locking system. The experiment (atomic spectroscopy setup) and the electronic feedback servo (implemented using FPGA) are shown separately. On the right is shown the image of our FPGA development board with the Xilinx based FPGA chip at the centre. All the feedback components have been implemented as programmable VHDL modules . Results of Some of the VHDL design modules Operation of the individual VHDL modules as well as of the entire system as shown in Fig.1.have been verified, as for example, by observing the physical signals generated from the software implementation of lock-in amplifier, high pass filter , square DDS , scan generator etc. Here we are showing some of these results from our prototype setup. Function Generation:We have implemented the functional behaviour of a square DDS generator and a triangular generatorby developing VHDL components for them. The output of the square DDS module is used as a reference signal for the lock-in detection stage and a phase shifted version of the reference signal is used in the amplitude modulation of the laser frequency by the AOM. The output of the triangular generator is used as a scan signal that drives the laser piezo for observing the laser absorption spectra over a wide range of frequencies. The signals generated from these VHDL components are shown in Fig.2 (a-b). Figure 2 : (a) Shows a square wave of 20 KHz. This would be used as a reference signal for lock-in detection and for modulation by the AOM. (b) Shows a triangular scan of 10 Hz. This would be given to the laser piezo for scanning over a huge range of laser spectrum. (c) A sine wave of 100 Hz (red) was distorted by a high frequency pseudo random sequence resulting in a distorted signal (blue). The high pass filter module filters out the low frequencies and only high frequencies remain (green). For the response shown, the cut-off frequency was kept at 1 KHz. High Pass Filter:Our high pass filter implements a first order IIR digital filter. As shown in Fig.1.the high pass filtering is needed to extract the high frequency amplitude modulations of the photodiode signal superimposed over the slowly scanned doppler absorption profile. As a way of verifying the functionality of this component, a low frequency sine way (100 Hz) was added to a pseudo-random number sequence (10-bit maximal sequence) which was generated at 1 MHz. The result is a highly distorted sine wave comprising high frequency fluctuations superimposed over a slowly varying sine wave. When such a signal is passed through the high pass filter component, the slow sinusoid is removed and only the fast fluctuations appear at the filter output. The cut-off frequency determines the signal at the output. The high pass filtering is shown in Fig.2 (c). Lock -In Amplifier(Phase Sensitive Detector):Software implementation of a lock-in amplifier constitutes developing a binary multiplier in conjunction with a low pass filter. The binary multiplier multiplies an input signal with a reference signal The product is then passed to the low pass filter of a suitable cut-off frequency such that only the portion of the input signal that occurs at the reference frequency remain while the rest are filtered out. Moreover, the output of the lock-in amplifier (i.e. the low pass filtered signal) is directly proportional to the amplitude of the input signal and inversely proportional to the relative phase difference between the input and reference signals. Hence, for a given phase relationship, theoutput increases with increase in input signal amplitude. Similarly, for a fixed amplitude of input signal, the output is maximum when the reference and input signals are in phase (0 degrees) ; minimum when the two are out of phase (180 degrees) and averag es to zero when they are 90 degrees phase separated. In Fig. 3, we demonstrate the amplitude and phase dependence of a lock-in amplifier circuit whose behaviour we have implemented in VHDL. The input signal to this component was an internally generated sine wave (5 KHz) and the reference signal was a square wave (5 KHz). From Fig.3 (a) , it is clear that as the amplitude of input signal (red) increases, the output signal (blue) shifts in the upward direction. For very small input signals (near to zero) , the output is also close to zero. From Fig.3(b), it is clear that the outputs of the lock-in amplifier are equal and opposite for phase separation of 0 (blue) and 180 degrees (red) between the input and reference signals. Moreover, the output signal averages to zero (green) when the corresponding phase difference is 90 degrees. Figure 3 : (a),(b) and (c)show the dependence of the lock-in amplifier output (blue) upon the input signal (red). As the input signal amplitude increases from (a) to (c), the output level also shifts up(d) The mean of the lock-in amplifier is minimum when the phase difference between the reference signal and input is 180 degrees (red), maximum when the two are in phase (blue) and lies in the middle of the two extremes when the phase difference is 90 degrees (green). Implementation of Frequency Locking Using Simulated Atomic Spectroscopy Reference frequency from the laser driven atomic spectroscopy is currently not available due to in- availability of the laser.Therefore, to overcome this practical situation and test the FPGA based frequency locking modules,we describe an elegent simulation scheme for testing the closed loop FPGA based frequency control by simulating the atomic spectroscopy experiment described in [6] inside the FPGA chip itself. Essentially, inside the FPGA chip , there would be two main modules : (1) An experiment module that simulates a saturated absorption spectroscopy setup and (2) A feedback module that implements lock-in detection and a PID control action. The experiment module would include three components : A laser piezo scan / control block that receives a voltage at its input and generates a frequency as a predetermined function of that voltage ; an atomic spectroscopy block which generates a derivative intensity profile as a function of the frequency from the piezo block . This in effect results in a derivative feature as a function of the input voltage to the piezo block. In addition , there is a modulation block that mimics an AOM driver. The block modulates the derivative signal in a certain algorithm such that the positive and negative cycles of the derivative signal are 180 degrees out of phase. The modulated signal then goes to the feedback block. The functions for voltage to frequency conversion and for frequency to derivative intensity conversion can be carefully chosen such that over one complete scan cycle , the derivative is zero at a particular voltage. The frequency corresponding to this voltage is the desired freque ncy and the feedback loop should effectively generate a voltage corresponding to this frequency by making the error signal zero. In this sense, the feedback module includes the basic components as high pass filter (for removing the slow doppler profile features from the modulated derivative signal) , lock-in amplifier (for phase sensitive demodulation of the derivative signal thereby giving an error signal) , a PID controller loop that fixes the error signal to zero and a scan generator that is used for observing the derivative over a complete scan range. Also, the reference signal for lock-in detection and the modulation signal from the AOM block are generated from a square DDS (implemented inside the feedback module). The output of the feedback module is either a scan voltage or a PID control voltage. In either case, the voltage signal goes to the piezo component of the experiment module. In this way, a closed feedback scheme is achieved as shown in Fig.4 At the time of writing th is paper, the experimental module has been successfully implemented and we are able to simulate both the scan and lock conditions. In the scan mode, PID loop is disabled and the error signal is observed over a defined sweep span. Under the locking condition, the PID loop is enabled which pins the error signal down to the zero value. In this way, the system gets locked to the frequency corresponding to zero error voltage. After the first order confirmation of frequency locking , we next plan to charcterise the lock quality , add facilities of scan offset and error signal offset to the existing simulation scheme as well as introduce noise into the system . Figure 4 :(Left) A closed loop scheme simulating an atomic spectroscopy experimental setup and a feedback system both implemented inside the FPGA chip. (Right) A falling edge of scan signal (blue) with an error signal (red) simulating a spectroscopic feature is shown. A mirror image of the feature is observed on the rising scan edge . When in lock mode, the error signal falls flat to zero voltage (green) demonstrating that the system gets locked to a particular frequency. Conclusion We have developed an all digital laser frequency stabilization module using field programmable gate array technology as against traditional bulky and expensive analog controllers. The VHDL design modules developed, imitate the functionality of typical hardware electronics used in a laser frequency locking system. The design modules were tested both individually as well as end to end through different testing methodologies. Some of the results were presented in this paper.Also, before incorporating the design modules into locking an actual laser, we have developed a scheme that simulates an entire atomic spectroscopy experiment with an electronic feedback system, both implemented inside the FPGA chip. We have successfully shown the frequency locking action of our feedback modules through this scheme and plan to test them more rigorously by making enhancements in the existing simulation scheme. Acknowledgement S. De acknowledges support from Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS) for funding this project under the project code :34/14/19/2014-BRNS/0309. References [1] K.B. Mac Adam, A Steinbach and C. Wiemann, Am. J. Phys. 60 , 1098 (1992). [2] D. J. Wineland and H. Dehmelt,Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.20, 637 (1975). [3] Chien-Nan Liu, Toru Morishita and Shinichi Watanabe, 2009 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 194 032014. [4] W. Z. Zhao, J. E. Simsarian, L. A. Orozco, and G. D. Sprouse, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3737(1998). [5] S. De, N. Batra, S. Chakraborty, S. Panja, A. Sen Gupta, .Current Science 106, 1348 (2014). [6] Hall,J.L.;Hollberg,L.;Baer,T.;Robinson,H.G., ApPhL,39,680 (1981).

Boadicea Essay -- essays research papers

Boadicea was she a powerful ruler, or a merciless general? Many questions arise when you begin to explore her accomplishments or many would even say failures. Most of the information on Boadicea has been derived from myths and most of what is written about her is from the words of her Roman enemies. During the creation and rule of the Roman Empire, Rome would constantly be aiming to take over the entire known world. Consequently Boadicea and her people of Britannia clashed. Julius Caesar was the first to take over Britain; he forced 6 powerful barbarian tribes to become a part of the Roman Empire. Iceni was amongst them, which happened to be the tribe of the famous Boadicea and her husband Prasutagus. However, Caesar and his army left that same year because they found the conditions too cold. Later in 43 AD Claudius Nero came into power. A man who was both cruel and pitiless, in his lifetime he managed to not only kill both his wives, his brother, and his mother but was known to go around the streets at night killing random men. Nero who wanted so badly to earn the respect of his Roman citizens decided to retake Britain. Boadicea was born into aristocracy in the year 30 AD she then married the ruler of the Iceni tribe. She had two daughters during their marriage. When the Roman army invaded her city her husband Prasutagus agreed to leave all his accumulated wealth to the Roman Emperor. Prasutagus did this in the hope that his country would be taken in piece but Nero did no...

Benefits of Hosting Olympics

The Olympic Games first started at Olympia in Greece in 776 BC. At that time, the games held were organized into festivals. There was a peace agreement called the scared truce between the city-states of Elis and Pisa. The reasons for hosting the Olympic Games at that time fall into three obvious aspects —— the honour of competing, the opportunity for trade and also, for peace. The reason why cities bid to hold the Olympics now are more complicated than in ancient time. But the main reasons remain the same. Cities may bid to host the Olympics to raise their International status by opening a door to the whole world, boost their economy, and enrich their culture and so on. All in all, cities want to promote the pace of their development by holding such a big event like the Olympics. Cities also have high expectations about the legacy benefits of the Games. Some of the main benefits will be identified later in this article. However, the benefits that are claimed in relation to hosting the Olympic Games are hard to measure. Those main benefits will be evaluated by taking the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games for instance. The legacy benefits of the Olympic Games can be indentified through four aspects —— political, economical, environmental and as the Olympic Games is a big sporting event, the last one should be sport. Politics had no place in the ancient games. The event was made possible in part by a truce that allowed visitors and competitors to travel to Olympia safely. During the truce there was no war, no executions, and no military action. However, although it is claimed that the modern Olympics have nothing to do with the political, many countries bid to host the Olympic Games for many political reasons under different circumstance. The best example to examine the relationship between sport and politics was the two German states during the cold war between 1945 and the early 1970s, in which period the two German states competed to host the Olympic Games in order to establish their own political authority. (Hughes, Owen, 2009). The 1972 Munich (Germany) Games was no doubt a good stage to show the rebuild Germany after the war. The Olympic Games are somehow a stage to relief the political conflicts and help the host cities change their International image. In terms of economy, it is the most important area when talking about the benefits of the Olympic Games. Cities always have high expectations to develop their economy after hosting the Olympics. Although the 1980 Moscow Olympics left a great amount of debt to the host city, the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic recovered people’s confidence. Matthewman (2009) indentified the legacy benefits of the Olympics’ economy benefits were included media exposure, employment and education training, infrastructure improving, increased trade, new investment and housing. However, the economic benefits of the Olympic Games are obviously much more than Matthewman described. There is a similar report printed by Price Waterhouse Coopers (2004) claimed that the long-term economy benefits would include: A. Improvement of city productivity (e. g. better transportation) B. Cultivate the city’s management ability to deal with International event. C. Olympic-related trade. D. Media exposure. E. New investment and more job opportunities. F. Training project. G. Tourism industry Another benefit of the Olympics could be the improvement of city environment. After the International Olympic Committee (IOC) make the environment the third strand in 1994, cities have made their efforts to deliver cleaner and greener Games. The eco-friendly event made the sustainable development theory spread all over the world. The Olympic Games make a good contribution to arousing the awareness of protecting our environment which could be beneficial to the whole human society. As the Olympic Games combined different sporting event, it is most closely related to sports in the host cities. Firstly, the sports infrastructure could be improved as cities want to hold the Olympics. This improvement can have a good impact on their athels’ training conditions, sports watching industries and provide their citizens of more sports sources. Secondly, a big sporting event can arouse people’s interest in sport. Additionally, it is good for promoting sport in the host cities as a guide to develop a health living style among its citizens. This is good for citizens’ health and their quality of life. To evaluate these benefits, the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games can be a good example. According to Cashman (2002), the Olympic Games would help the host cities acquire high international reputation in terms of politics. As Australia has a history of its nation conflicts between local residents and emigrations, the 2000 Sydney Olympic did not be supported by their citizens. However, the Olympic organisers came up with many ideas especially by designed a long-distance torch relay program in order to unit the people. This excellent torch relay project which included 11,000runners, successfully changed people’s attitude and built a conception that the 2000 Sydney Olympic is not just about Sydney, it is about Australia as a whole(Haynes, 2001). The economic benefits of the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games are hardly measured because there are so many potential areas for long-term impact. However, a 2001 Price Waterhouse Coopers report showed that Sydney has benefited from the 2000 Olympic Games a large amount of profits, which included about $3 billion from new business, $7. billion was injected for infrastructure and promoting business of New South Wales, more than $6 billion from tourism and opening their door to attract International business projects. (Matthewman, 2009) In other words, the Sydney Games had not only gained more investments and improved the city’s infrastructure; it also developed the industry of tourism and gave the ability to manage large projects. The 2000 Sydney Olympi c Games was the first time the idea of the â€Å"Green Games† was adopted. Sydney had come up with five strategies before bidding to host the Olympic Games —— save energy, save water, reduce rubbish, prevent pollution and protect the natural environment (Cashman, 2002). As the benefits on environment are difficult to identify in a short period of time, it is not likely to attribute the environmental improvement to the â€Å"Green Olympic Game† only. However, the eco-friendly idea will surely make great contribute to the city’s environment. People’s awareness was established after the â€Å"Green Game†, and it was becoming more and more popular that individuals started to take environment their own responsibility. Sport itself has obviously benefited from the Games. Firstly, the Olympic Games appeared to contribute to the sports infrastructure. Sydney had built the high-level sport facilities which combined technology and art to host the events. These sports infrastructures would improve the athletes’ training conditions and provide large sports events among counties as well. Secondly, the Sydney Olympic Games tend to arouse local people’s interest in participating sports activities. The Sweeney Sport Report 2000/2001 showed there was a significant increasing trend of sports on TV viewing. According to Haynets’s (2001) report, it is claimed that this raised participation might also lead to some other benefits, such as heath and economic. However, it is hard to know whether the citizens’ interests can last for a long time. To conclude, cities bid to host the Olympic Games for their better developments. The Olympic Games have a great impact on many areas of the hosting cities, which obviously are not restricted to the four aspects above. The benefits of host cities can gain from the Games are quite different and difficult to measure. The 2000 Sydney Olympic Games are a good example because it has won a high reputation for its successes. However, as there are always diverse proposals in different cities toward hosting the Olympics, it is important to have a detailed plan before both bidding and hosting the Games and reasonable expectations. Reference list Jill Hatnes(2001) ‘Social –economic impact of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games’. International Chair in Olympic, Centre d’Estudies Olympics (UAB). 2001 from http://olympicstudies. uab. es/pdf/od013_eng. pdf Price Waterhouse Coopers (2004) ‘The economic impact of the Olympic Games’. European Economic Outlook, June, p. 18-19 Richard Cashman(2002) ‘Impact of the Games on Olympic host cities’. International Chair in Olympic, Centre d’Estudies Olympics (UAB). 2002 from http://olympicstudies. uab. es/lec/pdf/cashman. pdf Richard Matthewman(2009) ‘Economic impacts of Olympic Games’. July, 2009 from http://maasterpieces. com/Documents/Economic%20Impacts%20of%20Olympic%20Games. pdf R. Gerald Hughes, Rachel J. Owen (2009) ‘The Continuation of Politics by Other Means’: Britain, the Two Germanys and the Olympic Games, 1949–1972’. Contemporary European History, 18(4), pp. 443-474.

The 9 Most Inspirational Spanish Quotes About Life

The 9 Most Inspirational Spanish Quotes About Life SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the best ways to practice a language is to read it. It’s even better when you read idiomatic phrases that don’t always translate directly into English. That helps you learn more than just vocabularyit teaches you to unlock the meaning behind the words, too. It’s definitely a skill you’ll definitely need to ace your AP Spanish Language exam or your AP Spanish Literature exam! (It’s also pretty great practice for the SAT Spanish Subject Test, too.) Today, we’re going to introduce you to 9 of the best inspirational Spanish quotes about life. Reading through these will help you practice your advanced reading and comprehension skills...and it might just give you some food for thought, too. For each quote, we’re going to give you: The Spanish quote The English translation of the quote A short discussion of why the quote is inspirational  ¿Listos?  ¡Bien, empecemos! Spanish Quote 1: A Quote About Courage Nunca sers capaz de cruzar el ocà ©ano hasta que pierdas de vista la costa. In English, it translates like this: â€Å"You can never cross the ocean until you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.† This quote is a great way to start learning some Spanish quotes about life...especially since you’ll need to have some courage while you’re studying. (It’s not easy, after all.) The quotation above also eases you into the process because you can translate it literally, which means that when you translate the sentence, it means exactly what it says! We love this quote because it’s a good reminder that sometimes you have to take risks to achieve your dreams. Even though it’s tempting to stick with what you’ve always known, success often means you have to sail over the horizon! Spanish Quote 2: A Quote About Money Just like in English, there are lots of great Spanish quotes about lifeand moneythat could have ended up on our list. But our favorite is this one: A los tontos no les dura el dinero. The literal translation of this line is â€Å"Money does not last for fools.† It’s the Spanish equivalent of the English saying, â€Å"A fool and his money are soon parted.† (Your parents may have told you this a time or two. Not that we’re speaking from experience or anything.) The truth of life is that money matters. This Spanish quote definitely reminds us that making money is only half the battle: being wise about our financial decisions is important, too. Spanish Quote 3: A Quote About Choosing Your Words La lengua no tiene hueso, pero corta lo ms grueso. This is an example of a Spanish quote where there’s a big difference between the literal translation and its meaning. Literally, this sentence translates to â€Å"The tongue doesn't have a bone, but it cuts the thickest thing.† What does that even mean?! But if you think about it, even idioms in English don’t make much sense. After all, if you’re not familiar with English, you’d be really confused if someone told you that you were â€Å"the pot calling the kettle black† or that you shouldn’t â€Å"throw stones at glass houses.† So in the case of this Spanish quote about life, we have to look past the literal phrasing to the meaning underneath it. Let’s break it down starting with the first part of the sentence. When you say â€Å"the tongue doesn’t have a bone,† it means that the tongue isn’t as strong as your arm or leg. You can’t physically hurt someone with your tongue! And yet, the second half of the sentence says that it’s somehow still able to cut through â€Å"the thickest thing.† In other words, our tonguewhich Merriam-Webster explains can also mean â€Å"language†has the power to do significant damage to other people. In other words, this quote is the equivalent of the English saying, â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword.† Spanish Quote 4: A Quote About Willpower No existe gran talento sin gran voluntad. When you’re studying, you need lots of willpower to stay focused. That’s why we love this inspirational quote- in Spanish or in English! This quote translates to â€Å"There is no great talent without great will.† Sometimes we think that people are just born with talent, and if we aren’t, then there’s no way we can achieve our dreams. But this Spanish quote teaches us that’s not true. Willpower, and the drive and focus that comes with it, can help us develop our talents. Malcolm Gladwell, a Canadian journalist and author, determined that for some people, it can take 10,000 hours of practice to master a skill.That translates to 417 days of practice! Even the most talented person would need a lot of willpower to get through that amount of work. Consequently, this quotation explains that doing great things in life requires as much hard work as it does talent. Spanish Quote 5: A Quote About Going For It Lots of idioms rhyme to help it stick in our memories. (Two good English examples are â€Å"fake it ‘til you make it† and â€Å"you snooze, you lose.†) Science has shown that rhymes help our brains remember information. Given that, it makes sense that inspirational quotes in Spanish and in English use rhyming to make their messages to help us remember them. Here’s one of our favorite rhyming inspirational quotes: Despuà ©s de los aà ±os mil, torna el agua a su carril. Here, â€Å"mil† is pronounced with a long e sound. That means it sounds more like â€Å"meel† in Spanish. The same is true for â€Å"carril,† which would be pronounced â€Å"carreel.† So as you can see, the two clauses of the sentences rhyme perfectly, so people can remember it better. The literal translation of this quote is, â€Å"After one thousand years, returns the water to its track.† But more accurately, this quote translates like this: â€Å"In a hundred years we will be dead anyway.† That’s pretty morbid! But what this quote really means is that people’s memories are short, so you shouldn’t worry about what people think. Don’t let others’ judgements or a fear of embarrassment keep you from pursuing your passions! Spanish Quote 6: A Quote About Patience For many people, patience is a tricky thing. That’s why one of our favorite Spanish quotes has to do with the value of being patient. Here it is: Con el tiempo todo se consigue. This quote literally translates to, â€Å"In time, everything is acquired.† But more accurately, this quotation tells us that patience is key to getting what you want in life. Patience comes in many forms. For instance, when you’re studying Spanish vocabulary for your AP or SAT subject exam, it can be tempting to be impatient and move quickly through your flashcards. But that means that you might not have committed the definitions to memory, which can make a huge difference when you’re trying to ace the test. Being patient, however, helps you study more thoroughly. That can help you earn top test scores, which will get you into your dream school, which is a huge step on the path to achieving your dreams. In other words, patience pays off in the end! Spanish Quote 7: A Quote About Endurance This quotation is a little different. When you’re looking for Frida Kahlo quotes, Spanish versions are definitely the most accurate and authentic! Our favorite inspirational Frida Kahlo quote is this one: â€Å"Lo que no me mata, me alimenta.† In English, this means â€Å"What doesn’t kill me, nourishes me.† This is a play on Nietzche’s famous saying, â€Å"What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.† Frida Kahlo- one of the most famous Mexican artists of all time- would definitely know a lot about surviving tragedy. Despite her talent, Kahlo’s life was a difficult one: she was disabled by polio and, later, by a terrible traffic accident that also left her infertile. As a result, she struggled with depression as well. But she channeled that into her art, which she said â€Å"completed her life.† That’s why this is one of the best inspirational quotes in Spanish. It shows us how to turn our suffering into something good, which is one of the most important life lessons we can learn. Spanish Quote 8: A Quote About Perseverance Sin prisas, pero sin pausas. This quote literally translates to â€Å"without hurry, but without stopping.† In English, we might translate this to another common aphorism: â€Å"slow and steady wins the race.† This quotation goes really well with Spanish Quote 6, which is about patience. In this case, we’re reminded that moving forwardeven if it’s slowis the key to progress. In fact, slow progress can often lead to success! Consider the story of Angus Macfadyen. In 2007, he was in an accident that left his leg in a cast. But that didn’t stop him from running the London Marathon on crutches! It took him 7 hours and 13 minutes to reach the finish line...but he still finished the race. The best quotes about life help us better understand the hurdles in our way. In this case, overcoming obstacles might take time, but we can still succeed if we persevere. Spanish Quote 9: A Quote About Love Our last Spanish quote about life tackles one of life’s best parts. After all, Spanish is a romance language...so it’s not surprising that some of its best quotes have to deal with love! Quien bien ama, tarde se olvida. This is another quote where the literal translation is a little confusing. Word for word, this quote means, â€Å"He who loves well, forgets the afternoon.† But the idiomatic translation is actually, â€Å"True love never grows old.† This quotation makes us think of one of our favorite tear-jerking scenes of any movie: the opening few minutes of Pixar’s Up. iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/F2bk_9T482g" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen/iframe In this scene, viewers watch a couple in loveCarl and Ellieas they celebrate life’s highs and lows. Unfortunately, Ellie passes away before she can achieve her lifelong dream of visiting Paradise Falls. But Carl won’t let her dream die, and he keeps his promise to Ellie by taking her scrapbook- and her house!- to Paradise Falls in one last, grand adventure. Carl may be old, but his love for Ellie never fades...which is maybe the best life lesson of all. (Who’s chopping onions in here?!) What's Next? If you’re studying Spanish, then you know conjugating verbs is half the battle. Irregular verbs can be tricky, though, since they don’t follow the rules. For those, it’s all about memorization! That’s why we’ve put together complete conjugation charts for the most common irregular verbs in Spanish. Why not start your studying off with our conjugation list for ser? And while you’re at it, you should take a look at our vocabulary lists, too. This one’s all about the parts of the body you need to know before you take an SAT or AP Spanish exam. We know you’ve heard of the Spanish Language and Spanish Literature exams, but what about the SAT Spanish Subject Test? Learn everything you need to know about the SAT Spanish Subject Test here. Additionally, this article gives you an insider’s opinion about how hard the exam really isso you might add it to your reading list, too!